Carbon Input to Ecosystems
... – Transpiration vs. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis: 1 H2O molecule for every CO2 molecule • Transpiration: 400 molecules of H2O lost for every molecule of CO2 absorbed ...
... – Transpiration vs. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis: 1 H2O molecule for every CO2 molecule • Transpiration: 400 molecules of H2O lost for every molecule of CO2 absorbed ...
Living on the Edge of Two Changing Worlds: Forecasting the
... its influence on ectothermic species to the proximate causes of species-range edges. Processes proposed included a lack of consistent recruitment (Lewis 1986), barriers to dispersal (Kendall 1987), a lack of suitable habitat (Crisp & Southward 1958), and extreme events causing adult mortality (Crisp ...
... its influence on ectothermic species to the proximate causes of species-range edges. Processes proposed included a lack of consistent recruitment (Lewis 1986), barriers to dispersal (Kendall 1987), a lack of suitable habitat (Crisp & Southward 1958), and extreme events causing adult mortality (Crisp ...
Connectivity at the Land-Water Interface
... organisms, or nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems than in the other direction. One reason for this is that aquatic systems are generally lower in elevation that the terrestrial habitats that border them, and therefore gravity will tend to move material downslope and into the water. Yet thi ...
... organisms, or nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems than in the other direction. One reason for this is that aquatic systems are generally lower in elevation that the terrestrial habitats that border them, and therefore gravity will tend to move material downslope and into the water. Yet thi ...
Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries Management
... Application of EBMF implies a balanced approach to addressing ecosystem wellbeing and thus contributes positively to biodiversity, governance and human wellbeing aspects in order to contribute to social development and poverty alleviation and many Asian countries have adopted this principle. EBFM is ...
... Application of EBMF implies a balanced approach to addressing ecosystem wellbeing and thus contributes positively to biodiversity, governance and human wellbeing aspects in order to contribute to social development and poverty alleviation and many Asian countries have adopted this principle. EBFM is ...
Summary
... structure and function. Responses of many individual species to natural and anthropogenic stresses have been studied in great detail, but far less is known about how species interactions within integrated communities will respond to stress. Environmental cycles with lengthy return times, natural and ...
... structure and function. Responses of many individual species to natural and anthropogenic stresses have been studied in great detail, but far less is known about how species interactions within integrated communities will respond to stress. Environmental cycles with lengthy return times, natural and ...
Report of the Benthos Ecology Working Group (BEWG)
... Evidence suggests that absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean has already decreased pH levels by 0.1 pH units since 1750 and CO2 concentrations are projected to increase further by the end of the century as fossil fuel reserves continue to be exploited. The CO2 increase is altering the chem ...
... Evidence suggests that absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean has already decreased pH levels by 0.1 pH units since 1750 and CO2 concentrations are projected to increase further by the end of the century as fossil fuel reserves continue to be exploited. The CO2 increase is altering the chem ...
Course Correlation to Virginia Standards of Learning Name of
... • use senses to observe nature. • identify the ecological features of the school or home neighborhood by creating an environmental scientific map. • design or follow a pre-designed experiment using one independent variable and a control. • keep accurate records of data and observations. Unit SOL's: ...
... • use senses to observe nature. • identify the ecological features of the school or home neighborhood by creating an environmental scientific map. • design or follow a pre-designed experiment using one independent variable and a control. • keep accurate records of data and observations. Unit SOL's: ...
0213187 COVER SHEET FOR PROPOSAL TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION PD 98-1128 01/10/02
... The search for patterns of community assembly has occupied the last 25 years in community ecology and remains controversial today. A commonly sought assembly rule is that species coexistence in communities will be enhanced by differences in traits related to competition for limiting resources (i.e., ...
... The search for patterns of community assembly has occupied the last 25 years in community ecology and remains controversial today. A commonly sought assembly rule is that species coexistence in communities will be enhanced by differences in traits related to competition for limiting resources (i.e., ...
pdf file - UNM Biology - University of New Mexico
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation
... The functional niche as applied to individuals expresses the effects of a species in functional space on a per capita or per biomass basis (e.g. oxygen generation per individual, or per g). While per capita functional effects are useful for assessing functional equivalency of individuals from differ ...
... The functional niche as applied to individuals expresses the effects of a species in functional space on a per capita or per biomass basis (e.g. oxygen generation per individual, or per g). While per capita functional effects are useful for assessing functional equivalency of individuals from differ ...
Population genetic structure across dissolved oxygen regimes in an
... (Boughman et al. 2005; Rundle et al. 2005), and together, these phenomena constitute the process of ecological speciation (Schluter 2000, 2001; Rundle & Nosil 2005). An effect of divergent selection on population structure will be apparent if genetic divergence is markedly higher between selective e ...
... (Boughman et al. 2005; Rundle et al. 2005), and together, these phenomena constitute the process of ecological speciation (Schluter 2000, 2001; Rundle & Nosil 2005). An effect of divergent selection on population structure will be apparent if genetic divergence is markedly higher between selective e ...
Combining field experiments and individual
... mechanisms are driving the dynamics. When faced with this dilemma, theoretical ecologists are often forced to make educated guesses about which mechanisms to include in their analytical models. This paper illustrates how to reduce some of the guesswork in model development by showing how information ...
... mechanisms are driving the dynamics. When faced with this dilemma, theoretical ecologists are often forced to make educated guesses about which mechanisms to include in their analytical models. This paper illustrates how to reduce some of the guesswork in model development by showing how information ...
The interplay between habitat structure and chemical
... that impacts due to contamination can be predicted, and therefore managed, considering (i) the type of toxicants (and their chemical properties), (ii) the functional groups present in the impacted area, (iii) their reproductive rates, (iv) the trophic interactions occurring in the systems and the (v ...
... that impacts due to contamination can be predicted, and therefore managed, considering (i) the type of toxicants (and their chemical properties), (ii) the functional groups present in the impacted area, (iii) their reproductive rates, (iv) the trophic interactions occurring in the systems and the (v ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Ecological Effects in
... source for bacteria, but they produced similar qualitative results (terHorst et al. 2010). The use of Tetramin allowed for a standardized, precise amount of resource to be added to each microcosm. The plastic beads served as a potential refuge from predation and competition for Colpoda and mimicked ...
... source for bacteria, but they produced similar qualitative results (terHorst et al. 2010). The use of Tetramin allowed for a standardized, precise amount of resource to be added to each microcosm. The plastic beads served as a potential refuge from predation and competition for Colpoda and mimicked ...
The role of biotic forces in driving macroevolution: beyond the Red
... These models assumed that evolution is driven by mutations of small effect, and showed that relatively simple ecological interactions might lead to cyclic evolutionary trait dynamics [33,34,40] or repeated cycles of branching and extinction in lineages [35]. The zero-sum assumption played no role in ...
... These models assumed that evolution is driven by mutations of small effect, and showed that relatively simple ecological interactions might lead to cyclic evolutionary trait dynamics [33,34,40] or repeated cycles of branching and extinction in lineages [35]. The zero-sum assumption played no role in ...
Why Darwin would have loved evolutionary game theory
... Game theory is well suited for frequency-dependent selection. Drawing from Darwin’s postulates, individuals have expected fitnesses ( per capita growth rates), which we can denote as G(v, u, x). This expected fitness is a function of the focal individual’s strategy, v, the strategies of others in th ...
... Game theory is well suited for frequency-dependent selection. Drawing from Darwin’s postulates, individuals have expected fitnesses ( per capita growth rates), which we can denote as G(v, u, x). This expected fitness is a function of the focal individual’s strategy, v, the strategies of others in th ...
Brown JS. 2016 - City, University of London
... Game theory is well suited for frequency-dependent selection. Drawing from Darwin’s postulates, individuals have expected fitnesses ( per capita growth rates), which we can denote as G(v, u, x). This expected fitness is a function of the focal individual’s strategy, v, the strategies of others in th ...
... Game theory is well suited for frequency-dependent selection. Drawing from Darwin’s postulates, individuals have expected fitnesses ( per capita growth rates), which we can denote as G(v, u, x). This expected fitness is a function of the focal individual’s strategy, v, the strategies of others in th ...
Preview Sample 2
... B) An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans is called a zoned reserve. C) Few, if any, ecosystems remain undisturbed by humans. D) The areas surrounding a zoned reserve are not to be used to support human populations. E) Costa Rica hopes to maintain at least ...
... B) An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans is called a zoned reserve. C) Few, if any, ecosystems remain undisturbed by humans. D) The areas surrounding a zoned reserve are not to be used to support human populations. E) Costa Rica hopes to maintain at least ...
Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities
... Role of scavengers in food-web theory Scavenging combines key facets of food webs that have been traditionally overlooked: the lack of a predation event [18], as well as the importance of detritus and its varying quality [1]. Classical food-web theory has focused on simple chains composed of plants, ...
... Role of scavengers in food-web theory Scavenging combines key facets of food webs that have been traditionally overlooked: the lack of a predation event [18], as well as the importance of detritus and its varying quality [1]. Classical food-web theory has focused on simple chains composed of plants, ...
INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
... Loucks (1970), and Grime (1973), among others. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that diversity will be highest in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance. If disturbances are too rare, the competitive dominants will eliminate other species and reduce diversity as equilibr ...
... Loucks (1970), and Grime (1973), among others. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that diversity will be highest in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance. If disturbances are too rare, the competitive dominants will eliminate other species and reduce diversity as equilibr ...
Nutrient enrichment homogenizes lake benthic assemblages at local and regional scales I D
... Abstract. The compositional heterogeneity of biotic assemblages among sites, or bdiversity, regulates the relationship between local and regional species diversity across scales. Recent work has suggested that increased harshness of environmental conditions tends to reduce b-diversity by decreasing ...
... Abstract. The compositional heterogeneity of biotic assemblages among sites, or bdiversity, regulates the relationship between local and regional species diversity across scales. Recent work has suggested that increased harshness of environmental conditions tends to reduce b-diversity by decreasing ...
Ecosystem fragmentation drives increased diet variation in an
... et al. 2007). Increased interindividual variation is expected when differences in phenotype or experience among individuals cause them to differ in their rank preferences for resources, so that population niche expansion may result in higher niche variation (Svanb€ack and Bolnick 2005). Niche variat ...
... et al. 2007). Increased interindividual variation is expected when differences in phenotype or experience among individuals cause them to differ in their rank preferences for resources, so that population niche expansion may result in higher niche variation (Svanb€ack and Bolnick 2005). Niche variat ...
Ecosystem resistance to invasion and the role of
... The concept of ecological resistance includes both abiotic and biotic features of a recipient environment that influence the success of propagules of a species that has not previously occurred on a site. Despite broad interest in this topic by ecologists and land managers, we lack an understanding o ...
... The concept of ecological resistance includes both abiotic and biotic features of a recipient environment that influence the success of propagules of a species that has not previously occurred on a site. Despite broad interest in this topic by ecologists and land managers, we lack an understanding o ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.