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Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
Chapter 38
Conservation Biology
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The primary goal of conservation biology is to
A) estimate the total number of species that exist.
B) catalogue species.
C) maximize the land set aside for wildlife.
D) integrate human culture back into nature.
E) counter the loss of biodiversity.
Answer: E
Topic: Opening Essay
Skill: Factual Recall
2) Approximately ________ living species have been named and described.
A) 750,000
B) 80 million
C) 30 million
D) 1.8 million
E) 10 million
Answer: D
Topic: 38.1
Skill: Factual Recall
3) The current rate of extinction may be as much as ________ times higher than at any other time in the past 100,000 years.
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000
E) 5,000,000
Answer: C
Topic: 38.1
Skill: Factual Recall
4) Biodiversity considers
A) the genetic diversity within and between populations of a species.
B) the fate of water in the ecosystem.
C) commensal relationships between species.
D) mutualistic associations between fungi and algae.
E) the relationships of individuals to a food chain.
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Answer: A
Topic: 38.1
Skill: Factual Recall
5) Approximately ________ of the prescriptions dispensed by U.S. pharmacies contain substances derived from plants.
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 50%
E) 75%
Answer: B
Topic: 38.1
Skill: Factual Recall
6) In the 2,000 years that humans have lived on Madagascar, the island has lost approximately ________ of its native
species.
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 50%
E) 75%
Answer: D
Topic: 38.1
Skill: Factual Recall
7) The U.S. Endangered Species Act oversees
A) natural waterways in the United States.
B) threatened species.
C) mammals, but not invertebrates, that are losing their range.
D) approximately 20% of endangered species.
E) the health of off-shore species.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.2
Skill: Factual Recall
8) Habitat destruction by humans has been implicated in the decline of ________ of the species in modern history.
A) 17%
B) 22%
C) 49%
D) 73%
E) 87%
Answer: D
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Factual Recall
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9) Currently, the single greatest threat to biodiversity is
A) global warming.
B) habitat destruction due to humans.
C) the introduction of exotic species.
D) overpopulation.
E) overexploitation of populations for food.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Factual Recall
10) You arrive back in the United States after having visited a foreign country located on another continent. The customs
agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit basket this person is bringing home. Being the
knowledgeable person you are, you calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is
that the fruit basket may be
A) carrying endangered fruit.
B) carrying an exotic species that could damage North American ecosystems.
C) contaminated with CFCs that will damage the ozone layer above North America.
D) contaminated with sufficient DDT to cause serious harm to anyone who eats the fruit.
E) made of materials that are toxic to humans.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Application
11) The three greatest current threats to biodiversity, in order starting with the greatest, are
A) habitat destruction, overexploitation, and the introduction of invasive species.
B) habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species, and overexploitation.
C) overexploitation, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species.
D) the introduction of invasive species, habitat destruction, and overexploitation.
E) the introduction of invasive species, overexploitation, and habitat destruction.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Factual Recall
12) Which of the following is an introduced species in the United States?
A) African green monkey
B) mallard duck
C) fire ants
D) elephant
E) carrier pigeon
Answer: C
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
13) To decrease pollution from sulfur, your local power plant built very tall smokestacks. The ultimate consequence of
this would most likely be
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A) the reaction of the sulfur with ozone, resulting in a breakdown of the ozone.
B) biological magnification.
C) to dilute the sulfur pollutants in the atmosphere and thus reduce their effects on the environment.
D) to create an environmental problem at a distance from the power plant.
E) a decrease in the pH of local lakes.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Application
14) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
A) were once used as pesticides.
B) were once used as an energy source.
C) contribute to acid precipitation.
D) accumulate in the tissues of organisms.
E) deplete the ozone layer.
Answer: E
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
15) Which of the following is a likely consequence of the thinning of the ozone layer?
A) increases in lethal and nonlethal skin cancer
B) increases in escape of heat from Earth
C) global warming
D) harm to the oceans
E) elimination of flying insects
Answer: A
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Factual Recall
16) You spray your lawn with a pesticide, such that the concentration of the pesticide in the tissues of the grass on your
lawn is 10-6 parts per million (ppm). Grasshoppers eat the grass and are in turn eaten by rats, which are then eaten by
owls. Keeping in mind that roughly 10% of the energy at a trophic level is transferred to the next highest trophic level,
what do you estimate to be the concentration of the pesticide in the tissues of the owls?
A) 10-2 ppm
B) 10-3 ppm
C) 10-4 ppm
D) 10-5 ppm
E) 10-6 ppm
Answer: B
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Application
17) Large coastal dead zones depleted of oxygen are primarily caused by
A) CFCs released into the environment.
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B) DDT released into the environment.
C) PCBs released into the environment.
D) nutrient pollution.
E) acid precipitation.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Factual Recall
18) The increase in the concentration of a substance in the tissues of organisms as it is passed up a food chain is called
A) concentration of toxins.
B) biological magnification.
C) maximization.
D) incrementalization.
E) predatory accumulation.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Factual Recall
19) Carbon dioxide traps heat and warms the atmosphere. This is known as the ________ effect.
A) warming
B) summer
C) carbon
D) carbon dioxide
E) greenhouse
Answer: E
Topic: 38.5
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
20) Global warming is the result of
A) rises in ocean levels.
B) species extinction.
C) rising concentration of greenhouse gases.
D) increasing occurrence of heat waves.
E) pollution.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.5
Skill: Factual Recall
21) Average global temperature has risen ________ over the past 100 years.
A) 1°F
B) 10°C
C) 100°F
D) 10°F
E) 0.8°C
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Answer: E
Topic: 38.5
Skill: Factual Recall
22) The increase in global temperature resulting from the greenhouse effect is primarily due to
A) CO2 allowing more solar radiation to penetrate to the Earth's surface.
B) CFCs slowing the escape of heat from Earth.
C) the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere.
D) CO2 slowing the escape of heat from Earth.
E) CO2 slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.5
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
23) CO2 flooding into the atmosphere is absorbed by ________ and converted into biomass.
A) the ozone layer
B) other atmosphere gases
C) photosynthetic organisms
D) large land masses
E) the sun
Answer: C
Topic: 38.6
Skill: Factual Recall
24) An important change in populations and species in response to climate change is
A) coat color.
B) distribution.
C) metabolism.
D) genetic makeup.
E) mode of reproduction.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.7
Skill: Factual Recall
25) An organism's responses to climate change that result in phenotypic variation is called
A) genetic drift.
B) mutation.
C) alteration of generation.
D) phenotypic plasticity.
E) population fragmentation.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.8-Evolution Connection
Skill: Factual Recall
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26) Some populations may avoid extinction as the climate changes, especially those with high genetic variability and short
life spans, through
A) genetic shift.
B) genetic modification.
C) feedback inhibition.
D) distribution of populations.
E) evolutionary adaptation.
Answer: E
Topic: 38.8-Evolution Connection
Skill: Factual Recall
27) Fragmented populations
A) result from the introduction of endemic species.
B) are composed of endemic species.
C) are at little risk of extinction.
D) are likely to exhibit low levels of genetic diversity.
E) are more vulnerable to the greenhouse effect than are populations that are not fragmented.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.9
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
28) Once population size is reduced by habitat fragmentation, the key factor driving the species toward extinction is
A) loss of genetic variation.
B) too many animals migrating away from small populations.
C) loss of food.
D) increased risk of predation.
E) too many animals migrating between populations.
Answer: A
Topic: 38.9
Skill: Factual Recall
29) A proactive conservation strategy
A) is no longer considered valid, as populations are already too small.
B) seeks to merge small populations into larger populations.
C) seeks to detect, diagnose, and halt population declines.
D) tries to boost declining populations through captive breeding.
E) uses bioengineering to increase genetic diversity in populations.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.9
Skill: Factual Recall
30) The red-cockaded woodpecker is dependent upon ________ for maintenance of its source habitat.
A) thick vegetation
B) fire
C) open water
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D) floods
E) corn snakes
Answer: B
Topic: 38.9
Skill: Factual Recall
31) Which of the following improved the population of red-cockaded woodpeckers?
A) providing food at bird feeders
B) introducing exotic species
C) allowing controlled fires to reduce forest undergrowth
D) planting more shortleaf pines
E) relocating food plots
Answer: C
Topic: 38.9
Skill: Factual Recall
32) An assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a
A) biome.
B) landscape.
C) PVA.
D) gap.
E) hot spot.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.10
Skill: Factual Recall
33) Movement corridors
A) increase inbreeding.
B) reduce dispersal.
C) can be harmful because they allow for the spread of disease.
D) can be harmful because they allow for gene flow.
E) generally increase the mutation rate of connected populations.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.10
Skill: Factual Recall
34) Which of the following statements about movement corridors is true?
A) Movement corridors can connect otherwise isolated habitat patches.
B) Movement corridors are most important to humans.
C) Movement corridors can promote inbreeding in declining populations.
D) Movement corridors are detrimental to species that migrate between habitats seasonally.
E) Movement corridors can prevent the spread of disease.
Answer: A
Topic: 38.10
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Skill: Factual Recall
35) Habitat fragmentation
A) results from natural disasters.
B) favors animals that prefer large, open ranges.
C) often results from human activities.
D) results in a significant increase in diversity.
E) favors parasites.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.10
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
36) Small areas that exhibit exceptionally high species diversity are referred to as
A) biologically magnified.
B) endemic environments.
C) biodiverse environments.
D) biodiversity hot spots.
E) exotic hot spots.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.11
Skill: Factual Recall
37) Species found in only one place on Earth are called ________ species.
A) hot spot
B) native
C) exotic
D) keystone
E) endemic
Answer: E
Topic: 38.11
Skill: Factual Recall
38) Most biodiversity hot spots are found in ________ regions.
A) western
B) tropical
C) temperate
D) tundra
E) taiga
Answer: B
Topic: 38.11
Skill: Application
39) About one-third of all animal and plant species are concentrated on ________ of Earth's land.
A) 50%
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B) 20%
C) 10%
D) 5%
E) 1.5%
Answer: E
Topic: 38.11
Skill: Factual Recall
40) The greatest challenge facing the zoned reserve systems of Costa Rica is
A) high predation by jaguars.
B) forest fires.
C) soil erosion.
D) poaching and illegal mining.
E) the growing human population.
Answer: E
Topic: 38.12
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
41) Which of the following statements about zoned reserves is false?
A) Costa Rica is a world leader in establishing zoned reserves.
B) An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans is called a zoned reserve.
C) Few, if any, ecosystems remain undisturbed by humans.
D) The areas surrounding a zoned reserve are not to be used to support human populations.
E) Costa Rica hopes to maintain at least 80% of its native species by using zoned reserves.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.12
Skill: Factual Recall
42) The introduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park in 1991 resulted in
A) nearly 20 human deaths.
B) a general decline in overall habitat as death spread like wildfire.
C) ecological changes involving about 25 species.
D) the migration of most of these wolves out of the park and back to Canada.
E) the death of all of the wolves, likely due to an insufficient amount of available prey.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.13
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
43) The Yukon to Yellowstone Initiative is a plan to
A) connect all of the national parks in the western United States.
B) connect all of the national parks in the United States.
C) connect all of the national parks in the United States to the provincial parks in Canada.
D) connect parks in the United States and Canada with protected corridors where wildlife can travel safely.
E) create a giant, fenced, private land area between the national parks in the United States to create a protected zone for
wildlife.
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Answer: D
Topic: 38.13
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
44) If wolves were now removed from Yellowstone National Park, we would expect that
A) elk populations would increase.
B) deer populations would decrease.
C) insect diversity would increase.
D) the vegetation would remain unchanged.
E) vegetation would increase, providing shelter for smaller animals.
Answer: A
Topic: 38.13
Skill: Application
45) The aspect of conservation ecology concerned with returning degraded ecosystems (as nearly as possible) to their
predegraded state is
A) ecosystem augmentation ecology.
B) bioremediation.
C) sustainable development.
D) restoration ecology.
E) landscape ecology.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.14
Skill: Factual Recall
46) Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as
A) biological demagnification.
B) PVA.
C) bioremediation.
D) landscaping.
E) augmentation.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.14
Skill: Factual Recall
47) The Kissimmee River Project is an
A) excellent example of large-scale bioremediation to clean up a horrible mercury spill.
B) excellent example of a dam that has interrupted the breeding of salmon and other species.
C) attempt to restore the natural wetlands associated with the Kissimmee River.
D) effort to join two previously unconnected lakes to permit better drainage.
E) effort to provide loggers and miners with better access to natural resources in forests of Puerto Rico.
Answer: C
Topic: 38.14
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
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48) The Kissimmee River Project is intended to
A) drain natural wetlands into the central Florida region.
B) increase biodiversity of the region.
C) restrict ecotourism and other recreational usage in the impacted region.
D) route migrating birds down the Atlantic coast.
E) provide areas for homes and businesses.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.14
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
49) Sustainable development
A) will require making difficult decisions regarding travel to other planets.
B) will require many people to contribute financially.
C) will speed up evolution.
D) will require global, multinational cooperation.
E) cannot be achieved.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.15
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
Art Questions
1)
According to this figure, which organisms have the highest concentration of PCBs, and why?
A) phytoplankton, because they are at the bottom of the food chain
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B) phytoplankton, because they are at the top of the food chain
C) herring gulls, because they are at the bottom of the food chain
D) herring gulls, because they are at the top of the food chain
E) smelt, because they are in the middle of the food chain
Answer: D
Topic: 38.4
Skill: Application
2)
According to this graph of changes in Earth's atmosphere, which of the following took place between 1800 and 2000?
A) Nitrous oxide levels increased from 270 ppb to 390 ppb.
B) Nitrous oxide levels increased from 800 ppb to over 1,200 ppb.
C) Carbon dioxide levels increased from 950 ppb to 1,800 ppb.
D) Carbon dioxide levels increased from 290 ppm to 380 ppm.
E) Methane levels increased from 800 ppm to almost 2,000 ppm.
Answer: D
Topic: 38.6
Skill: Application
Scenario Questions
After reading the following paragraph, answer the question(s) below.
Introduced species are a problem all over the world, and there are many examples in the United States. Several years ago,
a fisherman caught a northern snakehead fish in a pond in Crofton, Maryland (a suburb of Washington, DC). Snakeheads
are a favorite food of immigrants from China, and live fish can frequently be found in Asian markets. It's suspected that
the fish in the Crofton pond were purchased locally and then intentionally released.
Snakeheads are top predators, and 90% of the northern snakeheads' diet consists of other fishes. The northern snakehead
can breathe out of water and travel short distances (about 100 feet) across land. They also breed rapidly. Females can lay
more than 100,000 eggs per year. Juveniles have also been identified in the Potomac River and other rivers in
Pennsylvania.
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1) When snakeheads enter aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity in these ecosystems would most likely
A) increase, since another species has been added to the environment.
B) decrease, since the snakehead will prey on native species.
C) remain the same, since local species will prey on the snakeheads and remove them.
D) increase, because they will crossbreed with other types of fish, producing new species.
E) remain the same, because the snakeheads will merge without problems into established communities.
Answer: B
Topic: 38.1, 38.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
2) Based on the characteristics of the snakehead described above, which of the following is most likely to be a productive
strategy to reduce the spread of this species?
A) fencing the river banks to prevent the snakeheads from "walking" to other bodies of water
B) extending the fishing season for prey fishes
C) introducing a natural predator to feed on juvenile snakeheads
D) introducing a fungus that prevents fish eggs from hatching
E) introducing algae and photosynthetic bacteria to reduce nutrient levels in the water
Answer: C
Topic: 38.3
Skill: Application
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