symbiosis, lateral function transfer and the (many) saplings of life
... With these issues in mind, I will focus on how “lateral function transfer” plays an integral role in how symbiosis creates biological individuals in ways not often appreciated in organismal biology. Provisionally I will define lateral function transfer (or horizontal adaptation transfer) as any adap ...
... With these issues in mind, I will focus on how “lateral function transfer” plays an integral role in how symbiosis creates biological individuals in ways not often appreciated in organismal biology. Provisionally I will define lateral function transfer (or horizontal adaptation transfer) as any adap ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
Herbivory from Individuals to Ecosystems
... (Oksanen et al. 1981) and has been referred to as a consumer-controlled system (Chase et al. 2000). If consumers are limited by absolute resource supply, then per capita consumption depends upon the fixed amount of resources available at a location. In this case, all the edible standing crop is consu ...
... (Oksanen et al. 1981) and has been referred to as a consumer-controlled system (Chase et al. 2000). If consumers are limited by absolute resource supply, then per capita consumption depends upon the fixed amount of resources available at a location. In this case, all the edible standing crop is consu ...
Oecologia - Florida State University
... Iyzed total harpacticoid abundance in 8 blocks of three treatments (plant, mimic, control) (Table 1) using a randomized-blocks, two-way analysis of variance (Sokal and Rohlf 1969), with treatments fixed and blocks random. There was a significant main effect. The a posteriori test revealed that plant ...
... Iyzed total harpacticoid abundance in 8 blocks of three treatments (plant, mimic, control) (Table 1) using a randomized-blocks, two-way analysis of variance (Sokal and Rohlf 1969), with treatments fixed and blocks random. There was a significant main effect. The a posteriori test revealed that plant ...
Chapter 46 – Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
... ChEssBase dedicated to chemosynthetic ecosystems reported 700 hydrothermal vent species and 600 species from cold seeps (Ramirez-Llodra and Blanco, 2005; German et al., 2011). Around 200 new species were reported between 2002-2010 (i.e., 25 species/year), most of them belonging to mega and macrofaun ...
... ChEssBase dedicated to chemosynthetic ecosystems reported 700 hydrothermal vent species and 600 species from cold seeps (Ramirez-Llodra and Blanco, 2005; German et al., 2011). Around 200 new species were reported between 2002-2010 (i.e., 25 species/year), most of them belonging to mega and macrofaun ...
Human Geography and Ecological Sociology
... plines and their interactions to the unfolding of the 1920s human ecology as well as more recent approaches. This study traces the emergence of ecological thinking and the usage of the term human ecology in prewar American sociology and geography, especially in the work of J. Paul Goode, Edward C. H ...
... plines and their interactions to the unfolding of the 1920s human ecology as well as more recent approaches. This study traces the emergence of ecological thinking and the usage of the term human ecology in prewar American sociology and geography, especially in the work of J. Paul Goode, Edward C. H ...
The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food
... unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechanisms by which they may operate in terrestrial ecosystems, which have quite different ecological constraints than aquatic environments, where most food chain length studies have been thu ...
... unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechanisms by which they may operate in terrestrial ecosystems, which have quite different ecological constraints than aquatic environments, where most food chain length studies have been thu ...
Environment and Ecology
... • Identify Pennsylvania plants and animals that are on the threatened or endangered list. • Describe state laws passed regarding threatened and endangered species in Pennsylvania. • Explain why one species may be more susceptible to becoming endangered than another species. ...
... • Identify Pennsylvania plants and animals that are on the threatened or endangered list. • Describe state laws passed regarding threatened and endangered species in Pennsylvania. • Explain why one species may be more susceptible to becoming endangered than another species. ...
Special Feature
... may differ for a given mixture of food types: this animal may eat a large amount of A relative to B and C, or feed in some other pattern. Although food mixing per se and specific food selection go hand in hand, they may have different functional explanations. To continue the above example, the funct ...
... may differ for a given mixture of food types: this animal may eat a large amount of A relative to B and C, or feed in some other pattern. Although food mixing per se and specific food selection go hand in hand, they may have different functional explanations. To continue the above example, the funct ...
polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I): their cause
... compared to the potential for cycles the theory predicts. This dilemma can be partially understood by recognizing that most of the examples of cyclic population growth in the laboratory are for ectothermic invertebrate species. Cultured under optimal conditions in the laboratory, many invertebrate s ...
... compared to the potential for cycles the theory predicts. This dilemma can be partially understood by recognizing that most of the examples of cyclic population growth in the laboratory are for ectothermic invertebrate species. Cultured under optimal conditions in the laboratory, many invertebrate s ...
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
... Facing increasing human-driven changes, several populations and species now experience a mismatch between locally adapted traits and novel conditions, leading to an increase in mortality, and a decrease in abundance [1,2]. In response, many researchers seek to identify mechanisms that may allow spec ...
... Facing increasing human-driven changes, several populations and species now experience a mismatch between locally adapted traits and novel conditions, leading to an increase in mortality, and a decrease in abundance [1,2]. In response, many researchers seek to identify mechanisms that may allow spec ...
Mutualism: A Factor in Ecological Succession Through its Influence
... depends not upon modification of the environment by the previous community. but rather simply upon what species or individuals are first to expropriate the existing resources (Egler 1954). In both relay floristics and initial floristic composition. competition is considered to be very important. Emp ...
... depends not upon modification of the environment by the previous community. but rather simply upon what species or individuals are first to expropriate the existing resources (Egler 1954). In both relay floristics and initial floristic composition. competition is considered to be very important. Emp ...
Functional and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants drive
... of these characteristics were strongly correlated with each other, and we used principal components analysis (PCA) on these variables to obtain orthogonal predictor axes (for details of this analysis, see Schuldt et al., 2010). Only the first principal component axis (PC1abio), which represented sta ...
... of these characteristics were strongly correlated with each other, and we used principal components analysis (PCA) on these variables to obtain orthogonal predictor axes (for details of this analysis, see Schuldt et al., 2010). Only the first principal component axis (PC1abio), which represented sta ...
PDF
... gut of organisms28 and it is likely that differences in diet among earthworm ecological groups lead to the establishment of different bacterial communities. The development of the gut wall-associated bacterial community in some earthworm species is a process of natural selection. The strongest deter ...
... gut of organisms28 and it is likely that differences in diet among earthworm ecological groups lead to the establishment of different bacterial communities. The development of the gut wall-associated bacterial community in some earthworm species is a process of natural selection. The strongest deter ...
Benchmarking novel approaches for modelling species range
... environments. The IBM is a cellular automaton in which each sub-cell is characterised by unique environmental conditions (temperature and soil moisture) and can support one sessile individual. In the following, we provide a simple overview over the main characteristics of the simulation model, while ...
... environments. The IBM is a cellular automaton in which each sub-cell is characterised by unique environmental conditions (temperature and soil moisture) and can support one sessile individual. In the following, we provide a simple overview over the main characteristics of the simulation model, while ...
Metaâ•`analysis of the effects of small mammal
... eters such as the identity of the engineering species, the nature or intensity of the disturbance, or the species composing the responding community seem to have only an ‘idiosyncratic’ relationship to the species richness response (Wright & Jones 2004). However, Wright and Jones’ (2004) study did n ...
... eters such as the identity of the engineering species, the nature or intensity of the disturbance, or the species composing the responding community seem to have only an ‘idiosyncratic’ relationship to the species richness response (Wright & Jones 2004). However, Wright and Jones’ (2004) study did n ...
Population, community and ecosystem effects of
... systems, as demonstrated with the papers in this special feature, is the lack of information on the ecosystem consequences of introduction, such as net primary productivity or nutrient cycling in soils. The anecdotal evidence from Stritar et al. (in press) suggests that exotic herbivores may have ve ...
... systems, as demonstrated with the papers in this special feature, is the lack of information on the ecosystem consequences of introduction, such as net primary productivity or nutrient cycling in soils. The anecdotal evidence from Stritar et al. (in press) suggests that exotic herbivores may have ve ...
Population, community and ecosystem effects of exotic herbivores: A
... changes in native communities and altering ecosystem processes. In this special issue, we present a series of case studies and reviews from different areas of the world that highlight (1) the consequences of herbivore introductions are a global problem; (2) they can result in wholesale shifts in the ...
... changes in native communities and altering ecosystem processes. In this special issue, we present a series of case studies and reviews from different areas of the world that highlight (1) the consequences of herbivore introductions are a global problem; (2) they can result in wholesale shifts in the ...
population dynamics and ecological processes in dendritic networks
... Spatial structure regulates and modifies processes at several levels of ecological organization (e.g. individual/genetic, population and community) and is thus a key component of complex systems, where knowledge at a small scale can be insufficient for understanding system behaviour at a larger scal ...
... Spatial structure regulates and modifies processes at several levels of ecological organization (e.g. individual/genetic, population and community) and is thus a key component of complex systems, where knowledge at a small scale can be insufficient for understanding system behaviour at a larger scal ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.