Using trophic hierarchy to understand food web
... of non-trophic flows (‘trophic level inflation’; Whipple and Patten 1993). In essence, the original matrix-based method (Higashi et al. 1989) considers any passage of energy as incrementing the trophic level, with the receiving compartment always at a higher level than the donor, while the path-base ...
... of non-trophic flows (‘trophic level inflation’; Whipple and Patten 1993). In essence, the original matrix-based method (Higashi et al. 1989) considers any passage of energy as incrementing the trophic level, with the receiving compartment always at a higher level than the donor, while the path-base ...
Comparison of snail density, standing stock, and body size between
... all ecosystems (CBR unpublished data). Studies from the literature review and the unpublished datasets generated density and standing stock data at multiple spatial and temporal scales within and between ecosystems. Data reported within ecosystems (multiple plots or sites or multiple events) were av ...
... all ecosystems (CBR unpublished data). Studies from the literature review and the unpublished datasets generated density and standing stock data at multiple spatial and temporal scales within and between ecosystems. Data reported within ecosystems (multiple plots or sites or multiple events) were av ...
Unit 2 - AGNR Groups
... All that having been said, today we understand the world differently than in the time of Linnaeus. Specifically, we know how evolution has shaped the origin of new species. We also have a wider variety of characteristics to use to classify organisms. Genetic characters have largely changed the face ...
... All that having been said, today we understand the world differently than in the time of Linnaeus. Specifically, we know how evolution has shaped the origin of new species. We also have a wider variety of characteristics to use to classify organisms. Genetic characters have largely changed the face ...
- Wiley Online Library
... It is well known that interactions among individuals need to be accounted for when extrapolating stressor effects from the individual level (i.e., intrinsic toxicant sensitivity) to the population level [30,31]. In natural populations, density-dependent processes such as competition for food can mit ...
... It is well known that interactions among individuals need to be accounted for when extrapolating stressor effects from the individual level (i.e., intrinsic toxicant sensitivity) to the population level [30,31]. In natural populations, density-dependent processes such as competition for food can mit ...
Parasites, ecosystems and sustainability: an ecological and complex
... atmospheric processes and associated environmental events; and cross-scale influences that mediate between the former two sets of variables. The figure illustrates how discrete processes (the life cycles of bacteria and decadal storm events) occurring on vastly different space–time scales are linked ...
... atmospheric processes and associated environmental events; and cross-scale influences that mediate between the former two sets of variables. The figure illustrates how discrete processes (the life cycles of bacteria and decadal storm events) occurring on vastly different space–time scales are linked ...
Grand Challenge 1 Dalpadado P, Ingvaldsen RB, Stige LC, Bogstad
... climate on two copepod species, Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus, in an Arcticboreal sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 468:71–83. Relevance: Climate variables can have contrasting effects on different life stages of organisms and the effects can vary seasonally. Such complex responses are ecolog ...
... climate on two copepod species, Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus, in an Arcticboreal sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 468:71–83. Relevance: Climate variables can have contrasting effects on different life stages of organisms and the effects can vary seasonally. Such complex responses are ecolog ...
The Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution
... than altitudinal range shifts in highland forests (Bertrand et al. 2011). There are several possible ...
... than altitudinal range shifts in highland forests (Bertrand et al. 2011). There are several possible ...
Using phylogeographic analyses of gene trees to test species status
... its closest evolutionarily neighbouring clades (including itself). For some organisms (e.g. a riparian organism), geographical distances may not be the most relevant, so user-defined distances between sampling locations can also be entered into the programme. In this case, the Dc is the average pair ...
... its closest evolutionarily neighbouring clades (including itself). For some organisms (e.g. a riparian organism), geographical distances may not be the most relevant, so user-defined distances between sampling locations can also be entered into the programme. In this case, the Dc is the average pair ...
Ecological Design Process, the Way toward Improve Modern Sustainable Architectural Design
... ecologic design) and design concepts Ecological design must be based on the concept of ecosystem. This concept was first published by Sir Arthur George Transley (1871-1955) and then extended by Eugene P Odum (1913-2002). Ecosystem is an independent unit in nature that is a community of living organi ...
... ecologic design) and design concepts Ecological design must be based on the concept of ecosystem. This concept was first published by Sir Arthur George Transley (1871-1955) and then extended by Eugene P Odum (1913-2002). Ecosystem is an independent unit in nature that is a community of living organi ...
Trophic Organization of Fishes in a Coastal
... were ordered accordingly (Table 3). In this way, sizespecific feeding classes were arranged according to similar dietary habits within a given species. There w a s a range of species-specific feeding patterns, with n o uniform pattern among all species. For instance, species such as Anchoa mitchilli ...
... were ordered accordingly (Table 3). In this way, sizespecific feeding classes were arranged according to similar dietary habits within a given species. There w a s a range of species-specific feeding patterns, with n o uniform pattern among all species. For instance, species such as Anchoa mitchilli ...
Trophic organization and food web structure of
... Although the RCC has been developed based on data of non-disturbed temperate rivers ecosystem and mainly for the macroinvertebrates community, a comparative analysis with ecosystems of other regions may facilitate the definition of trophic structure patterns of stream communities. In general this mo ...
... Although the RCC has been developed based on data of non-disturbed temperate rivers ecosystem and mainly for the macroinvertebrates community, a comparative analysis with ecosystems of other regions may facilitate the definition of trophic structure patterns of stream communities. In general this mo ...
Pdf version - Université de Liège
... in the litter, have virtually no effect on their diversity. There is another type of phenomenon observed in the P. oceanica litter that is much more random, intense, and limited in time: 'resource pulses'. Resource pulses occur during storms and gusts of wind, and can have a significant structuring ...
... in the litter, have virtually no effect on their diversity. There is another type of phenomenon observed in the P. oceanica litter that is much more random, intense, and limited in time: 'resource pulses'. Resource pulses occur during storms and gusts of wind, and can have a significant structuring ...
Incorporating Plant Mortality and Recruitment Into
... although there is evidence that over time, some bunches can break up and migrate apart (Liston et al. 2003). For this discussion, we focus on individuals and communities that reproduce predominantly from seed. In general, the importance of recruitment is inversely proportional to a species’ life spa ...
... although there is evidence that over time, some bunches can break up and migrate apart (Liston et al. 2003). For this discussion, we focus on individuals and communities that reproduce predominantly from seed. In general, the importance of recruitment is inversely proportional to a species’ life spa ...
Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the
... driving the structuring of communities (and biomes) or an emergent pattern resulting from one or several underlying causes (intrinsic or extrinsic processes) (Wiens & Graham, 2005; Losos, 2008a,b, 2011). Both views are put by Wiens et al. (2010, p. 1312). They argue that PNC is a process because it ...
... driving the structuring of communities (and biomes) or an emergent pattern resulting from one or several underlying causes (intrinsic or extrinsic processes) (Wiens & Graham, 2005; Losos, 2008a,b, 2011). Both views are put by Wiens et al. (2010, p. 1312). They argue that PNC is a process because it ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
... additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adaptive radiation. These possibilities have not been followed up with empirical studies, but a theoretical literature is developing on the evolution of complex food web relation ...
toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria
... concepts that can be used to analyze and interpret results from the wide range of studies examining soil bacterial ecology. We propose that such concepts already exist in animal and plant ecology and that, by adapting these concepts to meet the unique requirements of microbial ecology, we can improv ...
... concepts that can be used to analyze and interpret results from the wide range of studies examining soil bacterial ecology. We propose that such concepts already exist in animal and plant ecology and that, by adapting these concepts to meet the unique requirements of microbial ecology, we can improv ...
Effective Landscape Restoration for Native Biodiversity in Northern
... Inland Slopes and Murray Fans with smaller but significant occurrences of other bioregions, notably the Victorian Volcanic Plain, Murray Scroll Belt, Rob invale Plains and Cen tral Victorian Uplands. The predominant broad vegetation types across the region are temperate woodlands and grasslands, giv ...
... Inland Slopes and Murray Fans with smaller but significant occurrences of other bioregions, notably the Victorian Volcanic Plain, Murray Scroll Belt, Rob invale Plains and Cen tral Victorian Uplands. The predominant broad vegetation types across the region are temperate woodlands and grasslands, giv ...
TOWARD AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BACTERIA N F ,
... concepts that can be used to analyze and interpret results from the wide range of studies examining soil bacterial ecology. We propose that such concepts already exist in animal and plant ecology and that, by adapting these concepts to meet the unique requirements of microbial ecology, we can improv ...
... concepts that can be used to analyze and interpret results from the wide range of studies examining soil bacterial ecology. We propose that such concepts already exist in animal and plant ecology and that, by adapting these concepts to meet the unique requirements of microbial ecology, we can improv ...
dos and don`ts of testing the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution
... maladaptation or trait mismatching (Gomulkiewicz et al. 2000; Nuismer et al. 2000, 2003; Nuismer 2006) although they are not required for such patterns to ...
... maladaptation or trait mismatching (Gomulkiewicz et al. 2000; Nuismer et al. 2000, 2003; Nuismer 2006) although they are not required for such patterns to ...
Knight et al 2006
... dispersers. Furthermore, the population dynamics of longlived plant species is often more sensitive to changes in adult survivorship than in seed production and germination whereas the population dynamics of short-lived plant species is often highly sensitive to the production and fate of seeds (e.g ...
... dispersers. Furthermore, the population dynamics of longlived plant species is often more sensitive to changes in adult survivorship than in seed production and germination whereas the population dynamics of short-lived plant species is often highly sensitive to the production and fate of seeds (e.g ...
Political Ecology: a Latin American Perspective1
... Following Karl Polanyi (1944), Andre Gorz underlined the market’s tendency to appropriate domains of social and human life that respond to ontological orders and meanings other than economic logic. For Gorz, and counter to orthodox Marxist doctrine, the question of alienation and separation of the w ...
... Following Karl Polanyi (1944), Andre Gorz underlined the market’s tendency to appropriate domains of social and human life that respond to ontological orders and meanings other than economic logic. For Gorz, and counter to orthodox Marxist doctrine, the question of alienation and separation of the w ...
Invasions and Extinctions Reshape Coastal
... higher trophic levels and invasions toward lower trophic levels will be consistent in other systems, although subtle differences may occur. For example, the influence of invasions in altering trophic skew may be reduced in open coast or oceanic environments relative to estuaries [19], although the l ...
... higher trophic levels and invasions toward lower trophic levels will be consistent in other systems, although subtle differences may occur. For example, the influence of invasions in altering trophic skew may be reduced in open coast or oceanic environments relative to estuaries [19], although the l ...
adaptive radiation driven by the interplay of eco
... focal, geographically isolated region. Dependence of the parameters upon landscape structure is detailed in section Landscape model. Population dynamics and competition We use a stochastic, individual-based version of the population growth and competition model of Roughgarden (1972) in a twodimensio ...
... focal, geographically isolated region. Dependence of the parameters upon landscape structure is detailed in section Landscape model. Population dynamics and competition We use a stochastic, individual-based version of the population growth and competition model of Roughgarden (1972) in a twodimensio ...
First half of year review: Relationships of Terms
... Differentiate among instincts, non-associative learned and associative learned behaviors. (46) Differentiate between insight learning, classical, and operant conditioning. (46) Define imprinting and sensitive phase to explain how behaviors develop. (46) Explain how information is communicated among ...
... Differentiate among instincts, non-associative learned and associative learned behaviors. (46) Differentiate between insight learning, classical, and operant conditioning. (46) Define imprinting and sensitive phase to explain how behaviors develop. (46) Explain how information is communicated among ...
Learning Objectives
... 5. Explain the role wildfire plays in sustainable forest management, including causes, prevention methods, forest destruction, and forest regeneration 6. Describe the economic importance of forest-related industries to provincial, national and international economies 7. Explain how environmental con ...
... 5. Explain the role wildfire plays in sustainable forest management, including causes, prevention methods, forest destruction, and forest regeneration 6. Describe the economic importance of forest-related industries to provincial, national and international economies 7. Explain how environmental con ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.