Ecological Mechanisms Underlying Arthropod Species Further
... grasslands worldwide challenge our ability to fully understand local ecological determinants of arthropod diversity and search for common mechanisms. Arthropods contribute significantly to grassland biodiversity (30, 116, 124), community-level trophic dynamics (46, 47, 106), and ecosystem function (7 ...
... grasslands worldwide challenge our ability to fully understand local ecological determinants of arthropod diversity and search for common mechanisms. Arthropods contribute significantly to grassland biodiversity (30, 116, 124), community-level trophic dynamics (46, 47, 106), and ecosystem function (7 ...
Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Microcystis Aeruginosa)
... All of the organisms that inhabit aquatic systems can be placed into a category of autotrophic or heterotrophic. Autotrophs are the primary producers that generate biomass from the sun and carbon dioxide (CO2). Heterotrophs on the other hand, are organisms that rely on other organisms as sources of ...
... All of the organisms that inhabit aquatic systems can be placed into a category of autotrophic or heterotrophic. Autotrophs are the primary producers that generate biomass from the sun and carbon dioxide (CO2). Heterotrophs on the other hand, are organisms that rely on other organisms as sources of ...
Woylie declines: what are the causes?
... losses within two to five years with few or no signs of a subsequent recovery. There are now less than 2000 individuals estimated remaining within the last four indigenous populations (Perup, Greater Kingston, Dryandra and Tutanning), which despite the low numbers still support high levels of geneti ...
... losses within two to five years with few or no signs of a subsequent recovery. There are now less than 2000 individuals estimated remaining within the last four indigenous populations (Perup, Greater Kingston, Dryandra and Tutanning), which despite the low numbers still support high levels of geneti ...
REV_ISS_WEB_JPE_12709_53-6 1823..1830
... rates in willow leaf beetle populations on resprouting willows the following spring (Bj€ orkman et al. 2004). Predator–prey modelling suggests that reducing average predator coppice mortality from the current 80% down to 40% would stabilize predator–prey dynamics and reduce the risk of willow leaf b ...
... rates in willow leaf beetle populations on resprouting willows the following spring (Bj€ orkman et al. 2004). Predator–prey modelling suggests that reducing average predator coppice mortality from the current 80% down to 40% would stabilize predator–prey dynamics and reduce the risk of willow leaf b ...
Predation within meiofaunal communities: description and results of
... ABSTRACT. A technique for studying field interstitial meiofaunal predation is described. Tested on mud and sand communities in the Exe Estuary, southwest England, the methodology provided evidence for the complexity of field-based meiobenthic trophic interactions. Nematoda and Turbellaria were impli ...
... ABSTRACT. A technique for studying field interstitial meiofaunal predation is described. Tested on mud and sand communities in the Exe Estuary, southwest England, the methodology provided evidence for the complexity of field-based meiobenthic trophic interactions. Nematoda and Turbellaria were impli ...
ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in
... seen as a result of human activities and climate change. Identifying general patterns in a research area such as this can be a major obstacle because even well-replicated ecological studies are often conducted at single points in space and time, and often focus on one or a small number of variables. ...
... seen as a result of human activities and climate change. Identifying general patterns in a research area such as this can be a major obstacle because even well-replicated ecological studies are often conducted at single points in space and time, and often focus on one or a small number of variables. ...
Biological Processes and Catchment Studies.
... interact with many of them, but they are also governed by genetic variation and evolution mechanisms. The vegetation has an important regulating effect on the hydrological cycle in the catchment by evapotranspiration. Also, biological processes in other ecosystems including streams, lakes and the se ...
... interact with many of them, but they are also governed by genetic variation and evolution mechanisms. The vegetation has an important regulating effect on the hydrological cycle in the catchment by evapotranspiration. Also, biological processes in other ecosystems including streams, lakes and the se ...
Chap21 test review
... 27. Define abiotic factor and give four examples. Why might these factors be important to the biotic factors of the ecosystem. (Explain) 28. Classify these examples of symbiosis by type and explain your choice: 1) Inside a human’s intestine live bacteria that make vitamin K; 2) A human picks up bact ...
... 27. Define abiotic factor and give four examples. Why might these factors be important to the biotic factors of the ecosystem. (Explain) 28. Classify these examples of symbiosis by type and explain your choice: 1) Inside a human’s intestine live bacteria that make vitamin K; 2) A human picks up bact ...
Determinants of the detrital arthropod community structure: the
... history in ecology. Because the abiotic environment often varies in predictable ways along elevational gradients, montane systems are ideal to study geographic variation in the determinants of community structure. In this study, we first examined the relative importance of environmental gradients, m ...
... history in ecology. Because the abiotic environment often varies in predictable ways along elevational gradients, montane systems are ideal to study geographic variation in the determinants of community structure. In this study, we first examined the relative importance of environmental gradients, m ...
The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the
... Kemp, T. S. 2007. The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the case of the mammals. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 88: 3–22 The origin of a new higher taxon is characterized by a long-term phylogenetic trend, involving evolutionary changes in a large number of characters. At this ph ...
... Kemp, T. S. 2007. The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the case of the mammals. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 88: 3–22 The origin of a new higher taxon is characterized by a long-term phylogenetic trend, involving evolutionary changes in a large number of characters. At this ph ...
Understanding the Invasion Ecology of Exotic Crayfish in California
... Vertical physical barriers (e.g., steep gradients in the elevation of a stream bed, waterfalls and culverts) are also effective at limiting their spread. ...
... Vertical physical barriers (e.g., steep gradients in the elevation of a stream bed, waterfalls and culverts) are also effective at limiting their spread. ...
Secondary Activities
... Workshops last 45min-1hr and cost £40 per group, max. 30 children per group. We can cover a wide range of topics: please see below for details. Workshops take place indoors unless otherwise stated. ...
... Workshops last 45min-1hr and cost £40 per group, max. 30 children per group. We can cover a wide range of topics: please see below for details. Workshops take place indoors unless otherwise stated. ...
Moment Approximations of Individual-based Models
... at random in the plane (i.e., if their pattern is not described by a homogeneous Poisson process: see Chapter 5), we refer to the community as having spatial structure. As explained in Boxes 21.2 and 21.3, an individual is represented as a Dirac delta function, and the function pi (x) is the sum of ...
... at random in the plane (i.e., if their pattern is not described by a homogeneous Poisson process: see Chapter 5), we refer to the community as having spatial structure. As explained in Boxes 21.2 and 21.3, an individual is represented as a Dirac delta function, and the function pi (x) is the sum of ...
Discriminating trait-convergence and trait
... traits are related to the gradient. Generally speaking, a TDAP is identified when the turnover in traitbased community components is related to the gradient but the communities contain species with dissimilar traits. As explained later, to reveal TDAP, the effects of TCAP must be filtered out. The ide ...
... traits are related to the gradient. Generally speaking, a TDAP is identified when the turnover in traitbased community components is related to the gradient but the communities contain species with dissimilar traits. As explained later, to reveal TDAP, the effects of TCAP must be filtered out. The ide ...
The concept of potential natural vegetation: an epitaph?
... in which PNV should be defined. Scale is usually defined in terms of grain and extent. Vegetation units are typically defined using small grain, such as data coming from plots or relevés, whilst the PNV concept applies at much larger grains, for example in a whole geographical region, and involves ext ...
... in which PNV should be defined. Scale is usually defined in terms of grain and extent. Vegetation units are typically defined using small grain, such as data coming from plots or relevés, whilst the PNV concept applies at much larger grains, for example in a whole geographical region, and involves ext ...
Food-web structure and ecosystem services: insights from the
... mathematical array of species interactions, with each element of the array defining the population-level impact of each consumer species on each resource species, then for each pair of species the terms describing their interaction will always be of opposite sign; consumption of the resource usually ...
... mathematical array of species interactions, with each element of the array defining the population-level impact of each consumer species on each resource species, then for each pair of species the terms describing their interaction will always be of opposite sign; consumption of the resource usually ...
SED221 - National Open University of Nigeria
... systematic study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical and chemical environment. Ecological interactions start within and between populations and they extend on through communities, ecosystem and the biosphere. In this unit, emphasis is on population ecology, its charact ...
... systematic study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical and chemical environment. Ecological interactions start within and between populations and they extend on through communities, ecosystem and the biosphere. In this unit, emphasis is on population ecology, its charact ...
Peckarsky et al. (2008) - Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory
... direct consumption by predators; and that perspective is buttressed in textbooks by examples for which authors have shown congruence between theory and empirical patterns of abundance. However, we know that predators can also have direct nonconsumptive effects (NCE) on prey populations by causing ch ...
... direct consumption by predators; and that perspective is buttressed in textbooks by examples for which authors have shown congruence between theory and empirical patterns of abundance. However, we know that predators can also have direct nonconsumptive effects (NCE) on prey populations by causing ch ...
Ecol Info Ms_revisions 2_srxd - Personal web pages
... such as patch departure rules influence populations, communities, landscapes, and ecosystems? Olsson ...
... such as patch departure rules influence populations, communities, landscapes, and ecosystems? Olsson ...
Chapter 5: Ecosystems & Living Organisms
... © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Soil nutrient status determines how elephant utilize trees and shape
... spatial scales at which the environment is perceived, where ‘grain’ is the smallest scale and ‘extent’ the largest scale, of heterogeneity to which a herbivore responds to patch structure (Kotliar & Wiens 1990). Given that boundaries between the subunits within different hierarchical scales should b ...
... spatial scales at which the environment is perceived, where ‘grain’ is the smallest scale and ‘extent’ the largest scale, of heterogeneity to which a herbivore responds to patch structure (Kotliar & Wiens 1990). Given that boundaries between the subunits within different hierarchical scales should b ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to the partner
... quarter of ecological studies are devoted to mutualism (Bronstein 1994b), our understanding of and theoretical insights into this type of interaction are limited (Bronstein 1994b). One factor that might contribute critically to this gap is that in a mutualistic interaction, there is usually adaptati ...
... quarter of ecological studies are devoted to mutualism (Bronstein 1994b), our understanding of and theoretical insights into this type of interaction are limited (Bronstein 1994b). One factor that might contribute critically to this gap is that in a mutualistic interaction, there is usually adaptati ...
INVASION DYNAMICS OF CYTISUS SCOPARIUS: A MATRIX
... pest species can have important consequences for early detection and eradication efforts (Carey 1996). In addition, the density eventually reached by an invader contributes to the impact of that species on the host community. Not just the final magnitude of density, but also the form of population r ...
... pest species can have important consequences for early detection and eradication efforts (Carey 1996). In addition, the density eventually reached by an invader contributes to the impact of that species on the host community. Not just the final magnitude of density, but also the form of population r ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to
... quarter of ecological studies are devoted to mutualism (Bronstein 1994b), our understanding of and theoretical insights into this type of interaction are limited (Bronstein 1994b). One factor that might contribute critically to this gap is that in a mutualistic interaction, there is usually adaptati ...
... quarter of ecological studies are devoted to mutualism (Bronstein 1994b), our understanding of and theoretical insights into this type of interaction are limited (Bronstein 1994b). One factor that might contribute critically to this gap is that in a mutualistic interaction, there is usually adaptati ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.