What is a Trophic Cascade? - College of Forestry
... with an interest in trophic cascades. [5_TD$IF]Opening Remarks ...
... with an interest in trophic cascades. [5_TD$IF]Opening Remarks ...
A Survey and Overview of Habitat Fragmentation Experiments
... Following from the theory of island biogeography (MacArthur & Wilson 1967), species richness in habitat fragments is expected to be a function of island size and degree of isolation. Smaller, more isolated fragments are expected to retain fewer species than larger, less isolated habitat tracts (Diam ...
... Following from the theory of island biogeography (MacArthur & Wilson 1967), species richness in habitat fragments is expected to be a function of island size and degree of isolation. Smaller, more isolated fragments are expected to retain fewer species than larger, less isolated habitat tracts (Diam ...
trophic levels and trophic tangles
... the original food web. Trophic position distributions generated without the latter constraint bore little resemblance to the original webs. Our random webs were generated using a Monte Carlo algorithm. On each step, two random trophic links were chosen and the destinations of the links are swapped. ...
... the original food web. Trophic position distributions generated without the latter constraint bore little resemblance to the original webs. Our random webs were generated using a Monte Carlo algorithm. On each step, two random trophic links were chosen and the destinations of the links are swapped. ...
Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Biology Level 2
... The distribution data shows that wedge shells have a wider zone of tolerance than cockles, as they were found to be more abundant on the mid-tide zone. This is where the cockle distribution became less dense as there is less time to feed and carry out gas exchange. At this upper limit the cockles wo ...
... The distribution data shows that wedge shells have a wider zone of tolerance than cockles, as they were found to be more abundant on the mid-tide zone. This is where the cockle distribution became less dense as there is less time to feed and carry out gas exchange. At this upper limit the cockles wo ...
Elephants in Africa: Big, grey biodiversity thieves?
... unnaturally high densities may drive detrimental changes in the structural heterogeneity of habitats.10-12 Thus, decision-makers are faced with the challenge of balancing the needs of populations of large herbivores with the preservation of vegetation and ecosystem diversity.9 In light of these cons ...
... unnaturally high densities may drive detrimental changes in the structural heterogeneity of habitats.10-12 Thus, decision-makers are faced with the challenge of balancing the needs of populations of large herbivores with the preservation of vegetation and ecosystem diversity.9 In light of these cons ...
ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY
... You are expected to contribute to the discussion during classs. This means you need to finish the assigned readings before class. There will be one presentation scheduled on the 9th October, the topic for everyone is : “How to describe morphology”. Everyone need to prepare a ten-minutes presentation ...
... You are expected to contribute to the discussion during classs. This means you need to finish the assigned readings before class. There will be one presentation scheduled on the 9th October, the topic for everyone is : “How to describe morphology”. Everyone need to prepare a ten-minutes presentation ...
Geologic 2. NSW karst environments
... enough for a person to enter. These cavernous karst environments range in size and significance from small outcrops with a few small caves and sinkholes, to karst landscapes with multiple surface features and hundreds of caves. The karst environments of NSW are amongst the oldest and most complex in ...
... enough for a person to enter. These cavernous karst environments range in size and significance from small outcrops with a few small caves and sinkholes, to karst landscapes with multiple surface features and hundreds of caves. The karst environments of NSW are amongst the oldest and most complex in ...
SECTION HEADING - School of Ocean and Earth Science and
... substrates of mid-ocean ridges (ribbons ~10 km wide and, in total, ~60,000 km long), seamounts (perhaps 50,000 – 100,000 in number (Epp & Smoot, 1989; Smith, 1991; Rogers, 1994)), and submarine canyons are relatively rare habitats in the enormous expanses of the deep sea, together estimated to occup ...
... substrates of mid-ocean ridges (ribbons ~10 km wide and, in total, ~60,000 km long), seamounts (perhaps 50,000 – 100,000 in number (Epp & Smoot, 1989; Smith, 1991; Rogers, 1994)), and submarine canyons are relatively rare habitats in the enormous expanses of the deep sea, together estimated to occup ...
Georges Bank EPU - Maine Fishermen`s Forum
... EBFM Strategic Policy A systematic approach In a geographically specified area That ensures resilience and sustainability of the ecosystem Recognizes the physical, biological, economic, and social interactions Among the affected components of the ecosystem, including humans ...
... EBFM Strategic Policy A systematic approach In a geographically specified area That ensures resilience and sustainability of the ecosystem Recognizes the physical, biological, economic, and social interactions Among the affected components of the ecosystem, including humans ...
PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY
... in-depth reviews of the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. Laboratory experiments allow an investigator the greatest amount of control over independent variables, so that hypotheses can be rigorously tested (Mertz and McCauley 1980). Laboratory experiments have yielded data that have prov ...
... in-depth reviews of the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. Laboratory experiments allow an investigator the greatest amount of control over independent variables, so that hypotheses can be rigorously tested (Mertz and McCauley 1980). Laboratory experiments have yielded data that have prov ...
Ecological subsystems via graph theory: the role of
... say the subset of species that are connected by cycles. In each strongly connected component, for any two nodes we can always find a path that goes from one to the other and the way back. In an ecosystem there may be one or more strongly connected components (SCCs). In the former case it is always p ...
... say the subset of species that are connected by cycles. In each strongly connected component, for any two nodes we can always find a path that goes from one to the other and the way back. In an ecosystem there may be one or more strongly connected components (SCCs). In the former case it is always p ...
Predation Risk Influences Adaptive Morphological Variation in Fish
... risk and foraging return (e.g., Werner et al. 1983; Eklöv 1995), and the morphological response is determined by the diet in the new habitat, that is, phenotypic plasticity (Via and Lande 1985). We hypothesize that the relative strength of competition and predation mediates a habitat shift that, in ...
... risk and foraging return (e.g., Werner et al. 1983; Eklöv 1995), and the morphological response is determined by the diet in the new habitat, that is, phenotypic plasticity (Via and Lande 1985). We hypothesize that the relative strength of competition and predation mediates a habitat shift that, in ...
Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants
... Overall, there was a significant positive effect of Microstegium invasion on the performance of Alliaria adult plants. The average biomass (F1,80 = 6.18; P = 0.015) and silique production (F1,80 = 6.09; P = 0.016) of individual Alliaria plants increased in invaded plots relative to controls, and ther ...
... Overall, there was a significant positive effect of Microstegium invasion on the performance of Alliaria adult plants. The average biomass (F1,80 = 6.18; P = 0.015) and silique production (F1,80 = 6.09; P = 0.016) of individual Alliaria plants increased in invaded plots relative to controls, and ther ...
Succession in Ecosystems
... community that has reached the final stage of ecological succession. – climax communities can be different for each type of ecosystem ...
... community that has reached the final stage of ecological succession. – climax communities can be different for each type of ecosystem ...
Ecological Speciation Among Blue Holes in Mosquitofish
... mechanism can occur in any geographical context, and does not require selection to directly favor reproductive isolation (i.e., reinforcement). Theory suggests that divergent natural selection between environments might often result in speciation as a by-product, however only a handful of examples w ...
... mechanism can occur in any geographical context, and does not require selection to directly favor reproductive isolation (i.e., reinforcement). Theory suggests that divergent natural selection between environments might often result in speciation as a by-product, however only a handful of examples w ...
Niche Inheritance
... niche construction in humans (Feldman and Cavalli-Sforza 1989; Durham 1991; Laland et al. 2000; Balter 2005; Smith 2007). For decades, ecologists have also realized that organisms can, and frequently do alter their environments in ecologically significant ways. Today these phenomena are referred to ...
... niche construction in humans (Feldman and Cavalli-Sforza 1989; Durham 1991; Laland et al. 2000; Balter 2005; Smith 2007). For decades, ecologists have also realized that organisms can, and frequently do alter their environments in ecologically significant ways. Today these phenomena are referred to ...
Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi
... scarcity of rain, can saturate the resource demand of some biological processes for a time. This review develops the idea that there exists a hierarchy of soil moisture pulse events with a corresponding hierarchy of ecological responses, such that small pulses only trigger a small number of relative ...
... scarcity of rain, can saturate the resource demand of some biological processes for a time. This review develops the idea that there exists a hierarchy of soil moisture pulse events with a corresponding hierarchy of ecological responses, such that small pulses only trigger a small number of relative ...
An Ecological Assessment of Insect Diversity at Organic Central
... think about and manage these lands. Approximately 40% of the planet’s land surface, or around half the habitable area, comprises agricultural landscapes (DeFries et al. 2004; Donald and Evans 2006). Croplands and pastures now rival forest cover to occupy the greatest extent of the world’s terrestria ...
... think about and manage these lands. Approximately 40% of the planet’s land surface, or around half the habitable area, comprises agricultural landscapes (DeFries et al. 2004; Donald and Evans 2006). Croplands and pastures now rival forest cover to occupy the greatest extent of the world’s terrestria ...
Most theoretical models of species coexistence assume that habitat patches... dynamic habitat P S
... The organization of this dynamic system appears to be controlled by interactions between Sarracenia, the ants that are its primary prey, and herbivores that kill leaves or entire plants. Our proposed research into these interactions will move this model system to a new level – where it can be used t ...
... The organization of this dynamic system appears to be controlled by interactions between Sarracenia, the ants that are its primary prey, and herbivores that kill leaves or entire plants. Our proposed research into these interactions will move this model system to a new level – where it can be used t ...
A meso-predator release of stickleback promotes recruitment of
... Coastal eutrophication management programmes usually aim to combat eutrophication symptoms by controlling the nutrient input only, whereas the role of biological communities for regulating ecosystem functioning has only been incorporated in lake management (Søndergaard et al., 2007). In order to eva ...
... Coastal eutrophication management programmes usually aim to combat eutrophication symptoms by controlling the nutrient input only, whereas the role of biological communities for regulating ecosystem functioning has only been incorporated in lake management (Søndergaard et al., 2007). In order to eva ...
Losos_Seeing - Harvard University
... closely related species again would not tend to be similar, this time because the high rate of change in selection or constraint would lead to divergence even among closely related species. In many cases, particularly those traits studied by evolutionary ecologists, these conditions—in which rates o ...
... closely related species again would not tend to be similar, this time because the high rate of change in selection or constraint would lead to divergence even among closely related species. In many cases, particularly those traits studied by evolutionary ecologists, these conditions—in which rates o ...
Effects of resource abundance on habitat selection and spatial
... 2001; MCDONALD and ST CLAIR 2004) have been used. These studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of small mammal biology, however there are some important methodological drawbacks that should be taken into consideration when using these methods, and which leave room for improvemen ...
... 2001; MCDONALD and ST CLAIR 2004) have been used. These studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of small mammal biology, however there are some important methodological drawbacks that should be taken into consideration when using these methods, and which leave room for improvemen ...
Parallel shifts in ecology and natural selection in an island lizard
... number of lizards captured each day (log transformed) against the cumulative days of capture effort. We then estimated the number of lizards that would have been caught with one more day of the census. This number was less than three lizards per island in all years of study. ...
... number of lizards captured each day (log transformed) against the cumulative days of capture effort. We then estimated the number of lizards that would have been caught with one more day of the census. This number was less than three lizards per island in all years of study. ...
John Turner - Ecology rebuttal evidence
... All native grass, shrub and tree planting associated with the Project will be over 38ha. This includes all the ecological planting and also approximately 15ha of native trees and shrubs associated with the landscape planting (as well as the rest of the native landscape planting). The landscape plant ...
... All native grass, shrub and tree planting associated with the Project will be over 38ha. This includes all the ecological planting and also approximately 15ha of native trees and shrubs associated with the landscape planting (as well as the rest of the native landscape planting). The landscape plant ...
Decline in top predator body size and changing climate alter trophic
... availability of food of both prey fish and predatory fish. Further, SST and stratification influence the productivity of lower trophic levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton) as well as the extent of benthic pelagic coupling (the extent of mixing from the surface layers to bottom layers), which in turn ...
... availability of food of both prey fish and predatory fish. Further, SST and stratification influence the productivity of lower trophic levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton) as well as the extent of benthic pelagic coupling (the extent of mixing from the surface layers to bottom layers), which in turn ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.