An experimentalist`s challenge: when artifacts of intervention interact
... by comparing the performance of animals maintained inside the required experimental enclosures at natural, ambient density to that of identical animals roaming free at that same ambient density), one should employ such controls. Results of these controls would then be used to estimate the direction ...
... by comparing the performance of animals maintained inside the required experimental enclosures at natural, ambient density to that of identical animals roaming free at that same ambient density), one should employ such controls. Results of these controls would then be used to estimate the direction ...
Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity
... (Hedin 1991; Pomeroy 1991). In doing so, we demonstrate that many of the fundamental questions of ecology, from the structure of food webs and the length of food chains, to the dynamics of trophic cascades, may have different interpretations when the detritus is included as a central component of an ...
... (Hedin 1991; Pomeroy 1991). In doing so, we demonstrate that many of the fundamental questions of ecology, from the structure of food webs and the length of food chains, to the dynamics of trophic cascades, may have different interpretations when the detritus is included as a central component of an ...
Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity
... trophic levels, and energy flow through the food web, are highest where intensities of predation are intermediate at all trophic levels (Kitchell 1980). Although this simple conceptual model is heuristically useful, real ecosystems exhibit nonequilibrium dynamics that result from different life hist ...
... trophic levels, and energy flow through the food web, are highest where intensities of predation are intermediate at all trophic levels (Kitchell 1980). Although this simple conceptual model is heuristically useful, real ecosystems exhibit nonequilibrium dynamics that result from different life hist ...
Enhancing species distribution modeling by characterizing predator
... environmental variables and multispecies interactions used to describe species geographic distribution. It is now customary to employ species distribution models (SDMs) that use environmental variables in conjunction with species location information to characterize species’ niches and map their geo ...
... environmental variables and multispecies interactions used to describe species geographic distribution. It is now customary to employ species distribution models (SDMs) that use environmental variables in conjunction with species location information to characterize species’ niches and map their geo ...
Linking nutrient loading, local abiotic variables, richness and
... of key macrophyte and invertebrate species as well as the aggregated community variables such as richness, total biomass, biomass of specific functional group was explored using the Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) technique. Prior to the analyses we checked if the studied environmental variables were ...
... of key macrophyte and invertebrate species as well as the aggregated community variables such as richness, total biomass, biomass of specific functional group was explored using the Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) technique. Prior to the analyses we checked if the studied environmental variables were ...
Consumer diversity interacts with prey defenses to drive ecosystem
... the total diet breadth of the herbivore community and the probability of all macroalgae being removed from reefs by herbivores increases with increasing herbivore diversity, but that a few critical species drive this relationship. Therefore, interactions between algal defenses and herbivore toleranc ...
... the total diet breadth of the herbivore community and the probability of all macroalgae being removed from reefs by herbivores increases with increasing herbivore diversity, but that a few critical species drive this relationship. Therefore, interactions between algal defenses and herbivore toleranc ...
Climate change and unequal phenological changes
... (Visser et al. 2006). Variation between years in peak biomass may be partly due to changes in relative densities between species which differ in phenology, although all abundant species rely on young leaves and therefore should be timed to the budburst. From 1993 to 2004, frass nets were placed unde ...
... (Visser et al. 2006). Variation between years in peak biomass may be partly due to changes in relative densities between species which differ in phenology, although all abundant species rely on young leaves and therefore should be timed to the budburst. From 1993 to 2004, frass nets were placed unde ...
Consumer versus resource control of producer producer community structure
... been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance diversity by allowing rare species to use new resources (10, 11) or p ...
... been reached as to what determines the direction or magnitude of these effects, although ecosystem productivity is thought to strongly influence community responses (9). Resource enrichment in unproductive environments may enhance diversity by allowing rare species to use new resources (10, 11) or p ...
Taxonomic and functional approaches of trophic interactions
... Doing a PhD is pretty much like climbing. The belayer is you supervisor, and you need to be sure that he/she could carry you if you fall, but also that he/she could guide and advise you during the ascent. Trust needs to be established between both of you. You have to think about the position of your ...
... Doing a PhD is pretty much like climbing. The belayer is you supervisor, and you need to be sure that he/she could carry you if you fall, but also that he/she could guide and advise you during the ascent. Trust needs to be established between both of you. You have to think about the position of your ...
- Philsci
... research traditions such as adaptive dynamics (Dercole and Rinaldi 2008), we still tend to have mathematical frameworks that are narrow in scope, circumspect in application, and not considered to be in any way “constitutive” of the behavior of the traits, organisms, or populations which they describ ...
... research traditions such as adaptive dynamics (Dercole and Rinaldi 2008), we still tend to have mathematical frameworks that are narrow in scope, circumspect in application, and not considered to be in any way “constitutive” of the behavior of the traits, organisms, or populations which they describ ...
Lazy leapers - Horizon documentation-IRD
... these holes is of usually quite large, such low sleeping sites obviously exposeLepilemur to predation by the most important terrestrial predator on Malagasy lemurs, the fossa, Cryptoproctaferox. The smallest Malagasy primates, the mouse lemurs, have long been known to live in tree holes, and SC= (in ...
... these holes is of usually quite large, such low sleeping sites obviously exposeLepilemur to predation by the most important terrestrial predator on Malagasy lemurs, the fossa, Cryptoproctaferox. The smallest Malagasy primates, the mouse lemurs, have long been known to live in tree holes, and SC= (in ...
A. Directional Selection
... Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited re ...
... Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited re ...
Ecotones and Ecological Gradients
... Ecotones are areas where ecological communities, ecosystems, or biotic regions coincide. They often occur in areas of steep environmental transition, along environmental gradients. In these transitional regions, the environment rapidly shifts from one type to another based on abiotic (e.g., climatic ...
... Ecotones are areas where ecological communities, ecosystems, or biotic regions coincide. They often occur in areas of steep environmental transition, along environmental gradients. In these transitional regions, the environment rapidly shifts from one type to another based on abiotic (e.g., climatic ...
883) What controls the ability of species to respond (by
... 72) Which types of agri-environment schemes/measures deliver the most biodiversity protection and how does this relate to cost? 73) What further research is needed to improve the chances that agri-environment schemes will benefit wildlife? For example, although a wide range of prescriptions are avai ...
... 72) Which types of agri-environment schemes/measures deliver the most biodiversity protection and how does this relate to cost? 73) What further research is needed to improve the chances that agri-environment schemes will benefit wildlife? For example, although a wide range of prescriptions are avai ...
Stable isotope methods in biological and ecological studies of
... This is an eclectic review and analysis of contemporary and promising stable isotope methodologies to study the biology and ecology of arthropods. It is augmented with literature from other disciplines, indicative of the potential for knowledge transfer. It is demonstrated that stable isotopes can b ...
... This is an eclectic review and analysis of contemporary and promising stable isotope methodologies to study the biology and ecology of arthropods. It is augmented with literature from other disciplines, indicative of the potential for knowledge transfer. It is demonstrated that stable isotopes can b ...
Mod 2 computer lab review options
... BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited. BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/ or conservation of genetic information. BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles ...
... BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited. BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/ or conservation of genetic information. BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles ...
Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
... Despite the spread of human-impacted wildlife habitats, few studies have examined how animals adapt their socioecology in agriculturaleforest ecotones. Anthropogenic processes such as agricultural development directly affect the ecological challenges that species face. In agriculturaleforest ecotone ...
... Despite the spread of human-impacted wildlife habitats, few studies have examined how animals adapt their socioecology in agriculturaleforest ecotones. Anthropogenic processes such as agricultural development directly affect the ecological challenges that species face. In agriculturaleforest ecotone ...
Fisheries catches and the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems in
... anchovy from 0 to 1 per year, while maintaining F constant for other exploited groups. We used ECOSIM (Walters et al., 1997) to calculate the predicted changes in equilibrium biomasses of species/group and the total catch from the system over the range of F values for anchovy. The model provides bio ...
... anchovy from 0 to 1 per year, while maintaining F constant for other exploited groups. We used ECOSIM (Walters et al., 1997) to calculate the predicted changes in equilibrium biomasses of species/group and the total catch from the system over the range of F values for anchovy. The model provides bio ...
A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity.
... richness; pi designates the proportional abundance of the i-th species in the community; the pi are ordered from most to least abundant (ties broken by random n P pi = 1. The only properties of selection), i.e. p1 ≥ ... ≥ pi ≥ ... ≥ pn ; and i=1 ...
... richness; pi designates the proportional abundance of the i-th species in the community; the pi are ordered from most to least abundant (ties broken by random n P pi = 1. The only properties of selection), i.e. p1 ≥ ... ≥ pi ≥ ... ≥ pn ; and i=1 ...
the ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity
... differentiation effect). Both effects cause more complete utilization of limiting resources at higher diversity, which increases resource retention, further increasing productivity. Finally, lower levels of available limiting resources at higher diversity are predicted to decrease the susceptibility ...
... differentiation effect). Both effects cause more complete utilization of limiting resources at higher diversity, which increases resource retention, further increasing productivity. Finally, lower levels of available limiting resources at higher diversity are predicted to decrease the susceptibility ...
Annemarie Nagle
... particular community, these simplistic theories were doomed to contradiction. The emergence of anomalous observations in particular communities led ecologists preceding Whittaker to attempt to expand and adapt these simplistic models to parameters which clearly deviated from their explicit or impli ...
... particular community, these simplistic theories were doomed to contradiction. The emergence of anomalous observations in particular communities led ecologists preceding Whittaker to attempt to expand and adapt these simplistic models to parameters which clearly deviated from their explicit or impli ...
Partitioning the effects of eco-evolutionary feedbacks on
... rates, ranging from slower than to commensurate to ecological rates (Darimont et al. 2009; terHorst 2010; DeLong et al. 2016; Hendry 2016), and this affects the impact of feedbacks (Becks et al. 2010; Turcotte et al. 2011; Reznick 2013). Theoretical work to mechanistically understand how eco-evoluti ...
... rates, ranging from slower than to commensurate to ecological rates (Darimont et al. 2009; terHorst 2010; DeLong et al. 2016; Hendry 2016), and this affects the impact of feedbacks (Becks et al. 2010; Turcotte et al. 2011; Reznick 2013). Theoretical work to mechanistically understand how eco-evoluti ...
Macrophytes shape trophic niche variation among generalist fishes
... Generalist species that feed on multiple trophic levels (cf. [1]) commonly have a fundamental role in ecosystems. Generalists can, for instance, regulate the abundance, composition and niche use of organisms at lower and higher trophic levels and also integrate spatially distinct habitats and food-w ...
... Generalist species that feed on multiple trophic levels (cf. [1]) commonly have a fundamental role in ecosystems. Generalists can, for instance, regulate the abundance, composition and niche use of organisms at lower and higher trophic levels and also integrate spatially distinct habitats and food-w ...
Crowder et al. 2008 - Duke People
... targeted species, entire food webs have been significantly altered by overfishing ( Jackson et al. 2001, Christensen et al. 2003). Fishing has a variety of direct and indirect effects on food webs in marine ecosystems, with complex and potentially cascading effects. A large portion of fisheries focu ...
... targeted species, entire food webs have been significantly altered by overfishing ( Jackson et al. 2001, Christensen et al. 2003). Fishing has a variety of direct and indirect effects on food webs in marine ecosystems, with complex and potentially cascading effects. A large portion of fisheries focu ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.