Lecture V: Natural Selection & Adaptations
... A. Based on Darwin’s observations in the Galapagos: 1. Darwin’s described evolution as descent with modification. -structural or functional changes occur from one group of descendants to the next, and so on. ...
... A. Based on Darwin’s observations in the Galapagos: 1. Darwin’s described evolution as descent with modification. -structural or functional changes occur from one group of descendants to the next, and so on. ...
Evolution and Natural Selection Chapter Notes Article
... original population. This evolution is the result of natural selection. We’ll discuss natural selection in more detail later in this chapter, but, in short, it is the consequence of certain individual organisms in a population being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and re ...
... original population. This evolution is the result of natural selection. We’ll discuss natural selection in more detail later in this chapter, but, in short, it is the consequence of certain individual organisms in a population being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and re ...
curriculum vitae - Towson University
... fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102: 4387-4392. Hobbie, S.E. and L. Gough. 2004. Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories. Oecologia 140: 113-124. Herbert, D.A., E.B. Rastetter, L. Gough and G.R. Shaver. 2004. Species d ...
... fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102: 4387-4392. Hobbie, S.E. and L. Gough. 2004. Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories. Oecologia 140: 113-124. Herbert, D.A., E.B. Rastetter, L. Gough and G.R. Shaver. 2004. Species d ...
Evolution and Natural Selection Chapter Notes Article
... original population. This evolution is the result of natural selection. We’ll discuss natural selection in more detail later in this chapter, but, in short, it is the consequence of certain individual organisms in a population being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and re ...
... original population. This evolution is the result of natural selection. We’ll discuss natural selection in more detail later in this chapter, but, in short, it is the consequence of certain individual organisms in a population being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and re ...
serial depletion of marine invertebrates leads to the decline
... natives (also self-referred to as Chugach Alutiiq, see Plate 1; Stanek 1985).5 This strongly interacting grazer is also well known to play an important functional role in structuring intertidal communities and reducing macroalgal production in the Pacific Northwest (Paine 1992, Markel and DeWreede 19 ...
... natives (also self-referred to as Chugach Alutiiq, see Plate 1; Stanek 1985).5 This strongly interacting grazer is also well known to play an important functional role in structuring intertidal communities and reducing macroalgal production in the Pacific Northwest (Paine 1992, Markel and DeWreede 19 ...
PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANTS By
... The term phenology is derived from the Greek word phaino meaning to show or to appear. Hence, phenology is defined as the study of the seasonal timing of life cycle events. For plants the seasonal timing of such events can be critical to survival and reproduction. In agriculture the most common fail ...
... The term phenology is derived from the Greek word phaino meaning to show or to appear. Hence, phenology is defined as the study of the seasonal timing of life cycle events. For plants the seasonal timing of such events can be critical to survival and reproduction. In agriculture the most common fail ...
A Stoichiometric Model of Early Plant Primary Succession
... nutrient i, denoted Ri (mol nutrient L⫺1). When a plant dies, a portion of each nutrient i within it enters the plant detritus, denoted Di (mol nutrient), and these nutrients can reenter the soil solution over time. The nutrient pathways between compartments are illustrated for the general case of n ...
... nutrient i, denoted Ri (mol nutrient L⫺1). When a plant dies, a portion of each nutrient i within it enters the plant detritus, denoted Di (mol nutrient), and these nutrients can reenter the soil solution over time. The nutrient pathways between compartments are illustrated for the general case of n ...
Phylogenetic diversity stabilizes community
... as originally hypothesized by Darwin (1859), greater differences in species niches in communities with higher phylogenetic diversity may act to reduce the intensity of competition; this may, in turn, result in overyielding that buffers communities against demographic stochasticity (Loreau and de Maz ...
... as originally hypothesized by Darwin (1859), greater differences in species niches in communities with higher phylogenetic diversity may act to reduce the intensity of competition; this may, in turn, result in overyielding that buffers communities against demographic stochasticity (Loreau and de Maz ...
Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of
... cooperative behaviour, given the right ecological conditions. This represents an important advance, not least by offering an explanation for the patchy phylogenetic distribution of cooperative breeding. We discuss the complementary nature of these two hypotheses and suggest that rather than regardin ...
... cooperative behaviour, given the right ecological conditions. This represents an important advance, not least by offering an explanation for the patchy phylogenetic distribution of cooperative breeding. We discuss the complementary nature of these two hypotheses and suggest that rather than regardin ...
Ecology review
... • Species : a group of organism that can interbreed & produce fertile offspring.(have a common gene pool). • Habitat: the environment in which species normally lives (location). • Population: a group of the organism of the same species ,living in the same area at the same time. • Community: a group ...
... • Species : a group of organism that can interbreed & produce fertile offspring.(have a common gene pool). • Habitat: the environment in which species normally lives (location). • Population: a group of the organism of the same species ,living in the same area at the same time. • Community: a group ...
The Landscape Ecology of Invasive Spread
... biodiversity, little theoretical or empirical research has addressed the effects of landscape structure—or spatial pattern more generally—on the spread of invasive species. Landscape ecology is the study of how spatial pattern affects ecological process. Thus, a landscape ecology of invasive spread ...
... biodiversity, little theoretical or empirical research has addressed the effects of landscape structure—or spatial pattern more generally—on the spread of invasive species. Landscape ecology is the study of how spatial pattern affects ecological process. Thus, a landscape ecology of invasive spread ...
Introduction to Ecological Landscaping: A
... instances when landscaping practices and products are influenced by a broader, more holistic perspective. The essence of this perspective, as informed by an understanding of contemporary ecological science (Odum and Barrett 2005; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies 2008), is a synthetic approach for ...
... instances when landscaping practices and products are influenced by a broader, more holistic perspective. The essence of this perspective, as informed by an understanding of contemporary ecological science (Odum and Barrett 2005; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies 2008), is a synthetic approach for ...
The Ecological Genetics of Homoploid Hybrid
... It is easier to make the case that ecology was neglected in the latter half of the twentieth century, even in plants. Population geneticists and systematists were mesmerized by new molecular genetic tools that allowed genetic variability to be measured and the history of populations and species to b ...
... It is easier to make the case that ecology was neglected in the latter half of the twentieth century, even in plants. Population geneticists and systematists were mesmerized by new molecular genetic tools that allowed genetic variability to be measured and the history of populations and species to b ...
The iconic keystone predator has a pathogen
... effect that is disproportionate to its abundance. A species that acts as a keystone predator consumes the competitively dominant species, leading to an overall increase in local species diversity. The earliest and still one of the best examples of such a predator is the ochre seastar (Pisaster ochra ...
... effect that is disproportionate to its abundance. A species that acts as a keystone predator consumes the competitively dominant species, leading to an overall increase in local species diversity. The earliest and still one of the best examples of such a predator is the ochre seastar (Pisaster ochra ...
Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity
... • Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rate of climate change remain uncertain. • Ecosystems are dynamic; there is a continuous development of suc ...
... • Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rate of climate change remain uncertain. • Ecosystems are dynamic; there is a continuous development of suc ...
An experimental demonstration of direct behavioural
... replacing the autochthonous species P. melisellensis by competitive exclusion. We used an experimental approach on newborn lizards to test the hypothesis that direct behavioural interference occurs between P. sicula and P. melisellensis, whereby the former obtains an advantage over the latter. Brief ...
... replacing the autochthonous species P. melisellensis by competitive exclusion. We used an experimental approach on newborn lizards to test the hypothesis that direct behavioural interference occurs between P. sicula and P. melisellensis, whereby the former obtains an advantage over the latter. Brief ...
The biogeography of marine plankton traits
... functional traits will allow us to better understand ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical processes. Third, plankton trait biogeography helps to inform the creation of mechanistic, trait-based community models, but also provides a useful constraint for model hypotheses and projections. Lastly, t ...
... functional traits will allow us to better understand ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical processes. Third, plankton trait biogeography helps to inform the creation of mechanistic, trait-based community models, but also provides a useful constraint for model hypotheses and projections. Lastly, t ...
Negative competitive effects of invasive plants change with time
... (e.g., nitrogen added), or secondarily, most closely reflected field conditions. In the studies that manipulated emergence time, we used data from treatments that began the competition experiment with invasive and native plants at the same developmental stage. We used data only from experiments that ...
... (e.g., nitrogen added), or secondarily, most closely reflected field conditions. In the studies that manipulated emergence time, we used data from treatments that began the competition experiment with invasive and native plants at the same developmental stage. We used data only from experiments that ...
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems
... Biodiversity The variation of life in all forms from genes, to species, to communities, to whole ecosystems. Ecosystem service providers Organisms, guilds, and ecological communities that are biological mediators of ecosystem services, providing services through their functions and interactions. Eco ...
... Biodiversity The variation of life in all forms from genes, to species, to communities, to whole ecosystems. Ecosystem service providers Organisms, guilds, and ecological communities that are biological mediators of ecosystem services, providing services through their functions and interactions. Eco ...
A Stoichiometric Model of Early Plant Primary Succession
... nutrient i, denoted Ri (mol nutrient L⫺1). When a plant dies, a portion of each nutrient i within it enters the plant detritus, denoted Di (mol nutrient), and these nutrients can reenter the soil solution over time. The nutrient pathways between compartments are illustrated for the general case of n ...
... nutrient i, denoted Ri (mol nutrient L⫺1). When a plant dies, a portion of each nutrient i within it enters the plant detritus, denoted Di (mol nutrient), and these nutrients can reenter the soil solution over time. The nutrient pathways between compartments are illustrated for the general case of n ...
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services • Soil formation • Nutrient cycling • Primary production ...
... Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services • Soil formation • Nutrient cycling • Primary production ...
international standards for the practice of ecological restoration
... been degraded, adjusted as necessary to accommodate changed or predicted biotic or environmental conditions. The use of such reference models in ecological restoration does not signify in any way an attempt to immobilize an ecological community at some point in time, but rather to optimize potential ...
... been degraded, adjusted as necessary to accommodate changed or predicted biotic or environmental conditions. The use of such reference models in ecological restoration does not signify in any way an attempt to immobilize an ecological community at some point in time, but rather to optimize potential ...
Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity?
... probable process of cancer diversity. Using Tuomisto’s metaphor, two geographically adjacent counties may reside in different pigeonholes. Furthermore, phylogeny is not accounted for in measures of species diversity using entropy, including q D (Rao 1982). This is why phylogenetic comparative method ...
... probable process of cancer diversity. Using Tuomisto’s metaphor, two geographically adjacent counties may reside in different pigeonholes. Furthermore, phylogeny is not accounted for in measures of species diversity using entropy, including q D (Rao 1982). This is why phylogenetic comparative method ...
Interactions between Micro- and Macroparasites Predict
... four categories. To test the macro-micro facilitation hypothesis, we compiled parasite species richness for obligate intracellular and obligate extracellular microparasites only, as this should provide the cleanest test of the hypothesis that effects differ for these two groups of parasites. We quan ...
... four categories. To test the macro-micro facilitation hypothesis, we compiled parasite species richness for obligate intracellular and obligate extracellular microparasites only, as this should provide the cleanest test of the hypothesis that effects differ for these two groups of parasites. We quan ...
HORIZONS Modelling emergent trophic strategies in plankton
... proportional to organism volume, or / d 3 (Kiørboe, 2011). Disregarding other limiting effects, the affinities can be used to determine the scope for growth, from the specific affinity, i.e. the affinity divided by organism volume / d 3. The specific affinities of organisms towards nutrients, light ...
... proportional to organism volume, or / d 3 (Kiørboe, 2011). Disregarding other limiting effects, the affinities can be used to determine the scope for growth, from the specific affinity, i.e. the affinity divided by organism volume / d 3. The specific affinities of organisms towards nutrients, light ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.