Full Program
... for researchers in our community to build networks, talk about discoveries, and find inspiration. Our science changes all the time, embracing new tools and techniques to construct, demolish, and reconstruct theories that explain the world around us. Our world is changing fast and in many ways. Wheth ...
... for researchers in our community to build networks, talk about discoveries, and find inspiration. Our science changes all the time, embracing new tools and techniques to construct, demolish, and reconstruct theories that explain the world around us. Our world is changing fast and in many ways. Wheth ...
Niche distribution and influence of environmental parameters
... of co-existing organisms with largely overlapping ecological niches, meaning that they respond similarly to environmental conditions of their habitats and possibly compete for resources (Ulrich et al., 2009; Maire et al., 2012). In contrast, niche partitioning, allows co-occurring microorganisms to ...
... of co-existing organisms with largely overlapping ecological niches, meaning that they respond similarly to environmental conditions of their habitats and possibly compete for resources (Ulrich et al., 2009; Maire et al., 2012). In contrast, niche partitioning, allows co-occurring microorganisms to ...
Author`s personal copy
... diversity of certain European grasslands even exceeds tropical rainforests (Wilson et al., 2012), which are normally considered the most diverse ecosystems on earth. A high proportion of the flora and fauna of Europe are grassland specialists, including many endemics (e.g. Hobohm and Bruchmann, 2009; ...
... diversity of certain European grasslands even exceeds tropical rainforests (Wilson et al., 2012), which are normally considered the most diverse ecosystems on earth. A high proportion of the flora and fauna of Europe are grassland specialists, including many endemics (e.g. Hobohm and Bruchmann, 2009; ...
Examining food webs and trophic dynamics across a stream
... extremely sensitive to changes in inputs of organic matter, since most streams have detritus based food webs. For example, the exclusion of leaf litter from a detritus-based food web can be detrimental to a vertebrate predator by reducing prey availability (Johnson & Wallace, 2005). This bottom up c ...
... extremely sensitive to changes in inputs of organic matter, since most streams have detritus based food webs. For example, the exclusion of leaf litter from a detritus-based food web can be detrimental to a vertebrate predator by reducing prey availability (Johnson & Wallace, 2005). This bottom up c ...
Concept Note Pollination
... pollination services and related risks are not adequately taken into account, directly or indirectly, in policies and regulations that may affect pollinators and their habitats. ...
... pollination services and related risks are not adequately taken into account, directly or indirectly, in policies and regulations that may affect pollinators and their habitats. ...
Fragoso 2005 Trophic strucure tropics
... dispersal by tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in allowing Attalea to escape its predators, and subsequent local regulation by a multi-level trophic system, in which the ecological importance of each interaction shifts through time. I further consider how the interactions between organisms in the same and ...
... dispersal by tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in allowing Attalea to escape its predators, and subsequent local regulation by a multi-level trophic system, in which the ecological importance of each interaction shifts through time. I further consider how the interactions between organisms in the same and ...
Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and
... group approached ecologists who had published results on plant species and functional diversity from human-altered landscapes. We aimed to identify appropriate datasets from diverse regions of the world and did not aim to obtain more than three datasets for any one global region. Of the datasets ini ...
... group approached ecologists who had published results on plant species and functional diversity from human-altered landscapes. We aimed to identify appropriate datasets from diverse regions of the world and did not aim to obtain more than three datasets for any one global region. Of the datasets ini ...
A quicker return energyuse strategy by populations of a subtropical
... construction costs, which might provide a mechanistic explanation for the commonly observed increase in growth when plants are introduced to new parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare energy-use strategy for plants from invasive and native populations of a noxious in ...
... construction costs, which might provide a mechanistic explanation for the commonly observed increase in growth when plants are introduced to new parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare energy-use strategy for plants from invasive and native populations of a noxious in ...
On the influence of food quality in consumer± resource interactions
... explain why the paradox of enrichment is readily found in model systems, in which only a single resource (currency) can be limiting, but not in natural systems where there are numerous potentially limiting resources. Furthermore, because I began with parameter values for which the system without nut ...
... explain why the paradox of enrichment is readily found in model systems, in which only a single resource (currency) can be limiting, but not in natural systems where there are numerous potentially limiting resources. Furthermore, because I began with parameter values for which the system without nut ...
Experimental Manipulation of a Desert Rodent Community: Food
... or remove certaincombinationsof species of seed-eatingrodents and ants from 0.25-ha plots in the ChihuahuanDesert of southeasternArizona. These experimentsevaluate the extent to which food availability and interspecificcompetition influence rodent populations. Monitoringwith live traps revealedthat: ...
... or remove certaincombinationsof species of seed-eatingrodents and ants from 0.25-ha plots in the ChihuahuanDesert of southeasternArizona. These experimentsevaluate the extent to which food availability and interspecificcompetition influence rodent populations. Monitoringwith live traps revealedthat: ...
Test 2 Ch 3 and 4.2 - Kenton County Schools
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
Limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton
... system as a model to look for community-level responses to resource availability via an index of diversity. Hutchinson (1961) noted that species richness and diversity of phytoplankton communities are often greater than the number of measured limiting resources even when conditions are apparently cl ...
... system as a model to look for community-level responses to resource availability via an index of diversity. Hutchinson (1961) noted that species richness and diversity of phytoplankton communities are often greater than the number of measured limiting resources even when conditions are apparently cl ...
Chapter 1
... For ecology, the household is as big as Earth or as small as the water trapped in a bamboo stump (Figure 2-1). This household is often defined as the ecosystem. This is because the household is a system where the environment affects organisms and organisms affect the environment. Therefore, an ecos ...
... For ecology, the household is as big as Earth or as small as the water trapped in a bamboo stump (Figure 2-1). This household is often defined as the ecosystem. This is because the household is a system where the environment affects organisms and organisms affect the environment. Therefore, an ecos ...
Structure and Function of Chihuahuan Desert
... Edited by: Kris Havstad, Laura F. Huenneke, William H. Schlesinger Chapter 12. Whitford, W.G., Bestelmeyer, B.T. 2006 habitats, and Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) is most abundant in the grassland habitats. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), a grassland specialist that pla ...
... Edited by: Kris Havstad, Laura F. Huenneke, William H. Schlesinger Chapter 12. Whitford, W.G., Bestelmeyer, B.T. 2006 habitats, and Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) is most abundant in the grassland habitats. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), a grassland specialist that pla ...
Network structure and robustness of marine food webs
... absence of dynamical modeling, which is challenging even for relatively low diversity systems, analysis of network structure can have important implications for network function (Strogatz 2001). For marine ecosystems, historically subject to intense fisheries harvesting pressure and subsequent colla ...
... absence of dynamical modeling, which is challenging even for relatively low diversity systems, analysis of network structure can have important implications for network function (Strogatz 2001). For marine ecosystems, historically subject to intense fisheries harvesting pressure and subsequent colla ...
Ecological functioning of bacterial chitinases in soil - NIOO-KNAW
... present as part of the exoskeleton of arthropods; in soil, chitin is mainly present as component of fungal cell walls. The main enzymes involved in the breakdown of chitin are chitinases. Chitinases are produced by both fungi and bacteria. Chitinases of soil-borne bacteria can decompose chitin of de ...
... present as part of the exoskeleton of arthropods; in soil, chitin is mainly present as component of fungal cell walls. The main enzymes involved in the breakdown of chitin are chitinases. Chitinases are produced by both fungi and bacteria. Chitinases of soil-borne bacteria can decompose chitin of de ...
Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation
... soil C and N is a slow process, and biodiversity experiments are only now getting to be of sufficient duration to explore its dynamics and potential causes. Here we measured soil C and N accumulation for the full soil profile to 1 m soil-depth, using data from the 12-year-long biodiversity experimen ...
... soil C and N is a slow process, and biodiversity experiments are only now getting to be of sufficient duration to explore its dynamics and potential causes. Here we measured soil C and N accumulation for the full soil profile to 1 m soil-depth, using data from the 12-year-long biodiversity experimen ...
The Harm They Inflict When Values Conflict: Why Diversity Does not
... intervention would reduce diversity. There are processes in nature that involve suffering at least, and harm, death and misery, at most. The natural processes that affect animals in the wild are often of the latter kind. Most animals that live in the wild die of thirst and starvation. Natural disast ...
... intervention would reduce diversity. There are processes in nature that involve suffering at least, and harm, death and misery, at most. The natural processes that affect animals in the wild are often of the latter kind. Most animals that live in the wild die of thirst and starvation. Natural disast ...
Biodiversity for kids - Teacher`s Guide
... and animals. For most plants and animals, the by-products of carrying out their daily lives, creates the conditions for another plant or animal to survive. An insect for example pollinates flowers when it visits to collect nectar; a worm helps break down decaying matter into a form that plant roots ...
... and animals. For most plants and animals, the by-products of carrying out their daily lives, creates the conditions for another plant or animal to survive. An insect for example pollinates flowers when it visits to collect nectar; a worm helps break down decaying matter into a form that plant roots ...
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?
... might result in faster adaptation and speciation. In temperate populations, he proposed that the primary selective pressures are abiotic factors, which vary in space and time but do not evolve. Furthermore, stochastic changes in community composition following geographic isolation could promote rapi ...
... might result in faster adaptation and speciation. In temperate populations, he proposed that the primary selective pressures are abiotic factors, which vary in space and time but do not evolve. Furthermore, stochastic changes in community composition following geographic isolation could promote rapi ...
Habitat heterogeneity, biogenic disturbance, and
... Abstract. Habitat heterogeneity is a major structuring agent of ecological assemblages promoting beta diversity and ultimately contributing to overall higher global diversity. The exact processes by which heterogeneity increases diversity are scale dependent and encompass variation in other well-kno ...
... Abstract. Habitat heterogeneity is a major structuring agent of ecological assemblages promoting beta diversity and ultimately contributing to overall higher global diversity. The exact processes by which heterogeneity increases diversity are scale dependent and encompass variation in other well-kno ...
defining and measuring trophic role similarity
... prey. Yet this measure misses the similarity at a higher level of trophic organization: both species have a similar trophic position within the food web. Both insects are functional herbivores, and they are eaten by very similar species, but there is no way for the Yodzis–Winemiller approach to dete ...
... prey. Yet this measure misses the similarity at a higher level of trophic organization: both species have a similar trophic position within the food web. Both insects are functional herbivores, and they are eaten by very similar species, but there is no way for the Yodzis–Winemiller approach to dete ...
The role of interspecific interference competition
... generate similar patterns and therefore might be confused with exploitative competition (e.g. Taper & Case, 1992a, Schluter, 2000a, Dayan & Simberloff, 2005). Although interference mechanisms may themselves have evolved in response to past exploitative competition (Case & Gilpin, 1974, Gill, 1974), ...
... generate similar patterns and therefore might be confused with exploitative competition (e.g. Taper & Case, 1992a, Schluter, 2000a, Dayan & Simberloff, 2005). Although interference mechanisms may themselves have evolved in response to past exploitative competition (Case & Gilpin, 1974, Gill, 1974), ...
Canada Of lemmings and snowshoe hares: the
... What causes lemming population fluctuations? Since there is geographical synchrony, immigration and emigration cannot be a regional explanation, although they may be involved in local areas. Both reproductive rates and mortality rates change to produce the observed density fluctuations, and the key ...
... What causes lemming population fluctuations? Since there is geographical synchrony, immigration and emigration cannot be a regional explanation, although they may be involved in local areas. Both reproductive rates and mortality rates change to produce the observed density fluctuations, and the key ...
LOCAL DISTURBANCE CYCLES AND THE MAINTENANCE OF
... recolonization has been shown to explain species composition and distribution (Wootton 2001a), and the effects of habitat fragmentation on the structure of competitive communities (Roy et al. 2004). It has further been shown to generate landscape-level patchiness and disturbance cycles in model syst ...
... recolonization has been shown to explain species composition and distribution (Wootton 2001a), and the effects of habitat fragmentation on the structure of competitive communities (Roy et al. 2004). It has further been shown to generate landscape-level patchiness and disturbance cycles in model syst ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.