Functional uniformity - Portsmouth Research Portal
... ciliated 'tentacles', via a rasping radula, or via a pair of cutting jaws, were placed in different ...
... ciliated 'tentacles', via a rasping radula, or via a pair of cutting jaws, were placed in different ...
Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and the ecological role of ants
... ant biodiversity declines with coffee and cacao intensification yet the literature lacks a summary of the known mechanisms for ant declines and how this diversity loss may affect the role of ants as predators. 3. Here, how shaded coffee and cacao agroforestry systems protect biodiversity and may pre ...
... ant biodiversity declines with coffee and cacao intensification yet the literature lacks a summary of the known mechanisms for ant declines and how this diversity loss may affect the role of ants as predators. 3. Here, how shaded coffee and cacao agroforestry systems protect biodiversity and may pre ...
Asymmetrical food web responses in trophic
... given the complexity of many aquatic food webs, the potential for a myriad of indirect effects also exists (e.g., Yodzis 1980; Martinez 1991). Further examination of this trophic response in similar, stressed systems is needed to test its generality and investigate the causal mechanisms underlying t ...
... given the complexity of many aquatic food webs, the potential for a myriad of indirect effects also exists (e.g., Yodzis 1980; Martinez 1991). Further examination of this trophic response in similar, stressed systems is needed to test its generality and investigate the causal mechanisms underlying t ...
Reef Fishes at All Trophic Levels Respond Positively to
... Department of Environment, Costa Rica Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion, Galapagos National Parks Service, NSW Department of Primary Industries, New Zealand Department of Conservation, Panama Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, Parks Victoria, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Rottnest ...
... Department of Environment, Costa Rica Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion, Galapagos National Parks Service, NSW Department of Primary Industries, New Zealand Department of Conservation, Panama Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, Parks Victoria, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Rottnest ...
Changes to Marine Trophic Networks Caused by
... composition and state of ecosystems because the indicators are biased by the interests of fisheries operating in each region. In that regard, Litzow and Urban (2009) reported that the historical periods of decrease in the trophic levels of catches in Alaska obeyed to fishing through the food web and ...
... composition and state of ecosystems because the indicators are biased by the interests of fisheries operating in each region. In that regard, Litzow and Urban (2009) reported that the historical periods of decrease in the trophic levels of catches in Alaska obeyed to fishing through the food web and ...
Evaluating MPA effectiveness
... the degree of linkage between sub-populations at different sites. The required targets for percentage of stock protected are themselves subject to uncertainty. How well, for example, would 35% stock protection safeguard against a fisheries collapse? If MPA’s have local effects on species size-struct ...
... the degree of linkage between sub-populations at different sites. The required targets for percentage of stock protected are themselves subject to uncertainty. How well, for example, would 35% stock protection safeguard against a fisheries collapse? If MPA’s have local effects on species size-struct ...
The ecology of vertebrate pests and integrated pest management
... There are advantages and disadvantages to each index that one must carefully consider before using one. For example, the result of many indices will vary with the soil and habitat type, weather conditions, and the time of year. In some cases, it is best to use two or more indices. Additionally, some ...
... There are advantages and disadvantages to each index that one must carefully consider before using one. For example, the result of many indices will vary with the soil and habitat type, weather conditions, and the time of year. In some cases, it is best to use two or more indices. Additionally, some ...
Dinger EC, Hendrickson DA, Winsborough BM, Marks JC (2006)
... With discovery of stromatolites in ‘‘nonextreme’’ environments (most prominently in Cuatro Ciénegas) that also harbor diverse metazoans, alternative hypotheses have been posed to explain the global decline of stromatolites include changing sedimentological conditions (Pratt, 1982), changes in seawa ...
... With discovery of stromatolites in ‘‘nonextreme’’ environments (most prominently in Cuatro Ciénegas) that also harbor diverse metazoans, alternative hypotheses have been posed to explain the global decline of stromatolites include changing sedimentological conditions (Pratt, 1982), changes in seawa ...
SPOTTED HYAENA SURVIVAL AND DENSITY IN A LION
... Competition is considered an important factor for large carnivore population dynamics, but the manner in which interspecific competition impacts these species are not well understood. This lack of knowledge is due to the ongoing declines of large carnivores, the loss of intact large carnivore gui ...
... Competition is considered an important factor for large carnivore population dynamics, but the manner in which interspecific competition impacts these species are not well understood. This lack of knowledge is due to the ongoing declines of large carnivores, the loss of intact large carnivore gui ...
PDF
... preferences for a male secondary sexual trait and the male trait itself. Female choice and nonrandom mating leads to the buildup of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between female preference alleles and male trait alleles, and by extension a genetic correlation between these disparate traits, even if the ...
... preferences for a male secondary sexual trait and the male trait itself. Female choice and nonrandom mating leads to the buildup of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between female preference alleles and male trait alleles, and by extension a genetic correlation between these disparate traits, even if the ...
Wetland Ecology and conversation in Hong Kong
... past, the biological assemblages of replanted mangrove stands will take a long time to resemble the true natural habitat. ...
... past, the biological assemblages of replanted mangrove stands will take a long time to resemble the true natural habitat. ...
Endophytic fungi alter relationships between diversity and
... functioning relationships include the selection effect, whereby communities with higher diversity have a greater probability of including a species with a strong effect on the community and complementarity effects, in which the addition of greater phenotypic diversity to species assemblages enhances ...
... functioning relationships include the selection effect, whereby communities with higher diversity have a greater probability of including a species with a strong effect on the community and complementarity effects, in which the addition of greater phenotypic diversity to species assemblages enhances ...
SER2015 POSTER SESSIONS
... Destruction of natural habitats due to human activities continues to increase. In 2002, the United Nations estimated that over 70% of the natural habitats on Earth will be lost by 2030. Considering this high loss, not only conservation but also restoration of vegetation in vulnerable natural habitat ...
... Destruction of natural habitats due to human activities continues to increase. In 2002, the United Nations estimated that over 70% of the natural habitats on Earth will be lost by 2030. Considering this high loss, not only conservation but also restoration of vegetation in vulnerable natural habitat ...
S1 Table
... (resource utilization function) of 25 female VHF collared bison from Oct 2005 – Aug ...
... (resource utilization function) of 25 female VHF collared bison from Oct 2005 – Aug ...
biodiversity in drylands - Food and Agriculture Organization of the
... found on all continents in both the northern and southern hemispheres, and are home to about one quarter of the earth’s population. They cover a variety of terrestrial biomes which are ...
... found on all continents in both the northern and southern hemispheres, and are home to about one quarter of the earth’s population. They cover a variety of terrestrial biomes which are ...
The University of Chicago
... interaction webs (sensu Paine 1980; Menge 1995) composed of a species of spider carnivore, leaf-chewing generalist and specialist grasshoppers, and perennial grasses and herbs. I systematically manipulated the number of species in the interaction webs to alter the length of interaction pathways. I a ...
... interaction webs (sensu Paine 1980; Menge 1995) composed of a species of spider carnivore, leaf-chewing generalist and specialist grasshoppers, and perennial grasses and herbs. I systematically manipulated the number of species in the interaction webs to alter the length of interaction pathways. I a ...
Environmental responses, not species interactions
... we would conclude that environmental fluctuations are the more important driver. In principle, this could be done in an extremely controlled laboratory setting (e.g., Venail et al. 2013), but empirically-based models of interacting populations, fit with data sets from natural communities, offer a pr ...
... we would conclude that environmental fluctuations are the more important driver. In principle, this could be done in an extremely controlled laboratory setting (e.g., Venail et al. 2013), but empirically-based models of interacting populations, fit with data sets from natural communities, offer a pr ...
The impact of rapid evolution on population dynamics in the wild
... evolution in two-clone populations whether or not they were exposed to predators and competitors. Evolving populations grew up to 42% faster and attained up to 67% higher density, compared with non-evolving control populations but only in treatments exposed to competitors and predators. Increased de ...
... evolution in two-clone populations whether or not they were exposed to predators and competitors. Evolving populations grew up to 42% faster and attained up to 67% higher density, compared with non-evolving control populations but only in treatments exposed to competitors and predators. Increased de ...
The impact of rapid evolution on population dynamics in the
... evolution in two-clone populations whether or not they were exposed to predators and competitors. Evolving populations grew up to 42% faster and attained up to 67% higher density, compared with non-evolving control populations but only in treatments exposed to competitors and predators. Increased de ...
... evolution in two-clone populations whether or not they were exposed to predators and competitors. Evolving populations grew up to 42% faster and attained up to 67% higher density, compared with non-evolving control populations but only in treatments exposed to competitors and predators. Increased de ...
Littoral Ecosystems
... Two sea stars coexist by minimizing prey overlap. Niche divergence as a mechanism to minimize prey overlap Species ...
... Two sea stars coexist by minimizing prey overlap. Niche divergence as a mechanism to minimize prey overlap Species ...
Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory
... selection and adaptation.' Selection at the level of reproduction over asexual modes of reproduction individual organisms has as its cause differences is that the long-range chances of survival are in individual adaptedness and its effect is adap- greater for populations having sex (see Maynard tion ...
... selection and adaptation.' Selection at the level of reproduction over asexual modes of reproduction individual organisms has as its cause differences is that the long-range chances of survival are in individual adaptedness and its effect is adap- greater for populations having sex (see Maynard tion ...
A keystone predator controls bacterial diversity in the pitcher
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
consumer–resource body-size relationships in natural food webs
... School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK ...
... School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK ...
Our Natural Heritage, Bioregional Pride
... we use them in this curriculum: “Bioregions are geographic areas having common characteristics of soil, watershed, climate, native plants and animals that exist within the whole planetary biosphere as unique and intrinsic contributive parts. A bioregion refers both to geographical terrain and a terr ...
... we use them in this curriculum: “Bioregions are geographic areas having common characteristics of soil, watershed, climate, native plants and animals that exist within the whole planetary biosphere as unique and intrinsic contributive parts. A bioregion refers both to geographical terrain and a terr ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.