Conserving biodiversity and combating desertification: Achieving
... measures that focus on site-specific manifestations of these determinants as well ...
... measures that focus on site-specific manifestations of these determinants as well ...
River restoration: the fuzzy logic of repairing reaches to reverse
... nitrogen removal capacity of restored Coastal Plain reaches in urban areas. They found that, during high flows when most of the N is exported, lowland reaches with gentle slopes and wider valleys have higher hydraulic retention and, therefore, capacity to retain N. Second, given that a number of stud ...
... nitrogen removal capacity of restored Coastal Plain reaches in urban areas. They found that, during high flows when most of the N is exported, lowland reaches with gentle slopes and wider valleys have higher hydraulic retention and, therefore, capacity to retain N. Second, given that a number of stud ...
“Adaptation”1
... the terms “adapted” and “adaptedness” in an ahistorical sense. Fleetness contributes to the adaptedness of a deer (or makes the deer better adapted) if, and only if, other things being equal, it contributes to the solution of a problem posed to the deer – for example, escaping predation. Fleetness i ...
... the terms “adapted” and “adaptedness” in an ahistorical sense. Fleetness contributes to the adaptedness of a deer (or makes the deer better adapted) if, and only if, other things being equal, it contributes to the solution of a problem posed to the deer – for example, escaping predation. Fleetness i ...
Trait-Mediated Effects in Rocky Intertidal Food Chains
... shores in southern New England. This crab's broad diet includes the herbivorous snail Littorina littorea and the carnivorous snail Nucella lapillus, two species that can strongly influence the recruitment success and population dynamics of perennial (e.g., Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus) and ...
... shores in southern New England. This crab's broad diet includes the herbivorous snail Littorina littorea and the carnivorous snail Nucella lapillus, two species that can strongly influence the recruitment success and population dynamics of perennial (e.g., Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus) and ...
The analysis of stress in natural populations
... field that are not controlled (as in cultures of laboratory rats) nor managed deliberately (as in crops, farms and zoos). T h e distinction between natural and managed populations is arbitrary and ill-defined (any population in a national park is managed because the environment is managed). What mat ...
... field that are not controlled (as in cultures of laboratory rats) nor managed deliberately (as in crops, farms and zoos). T h e distinction between natural and managed populations is arbitrary and ill-defined (any population in a national park is managed because the environment is managed). What mat ...
Soil Heterogeneity Effects on Tallgrass Prairie Community
... randomly assigned to heterogeneity treatments of control, soil depth heterogeneity, soil nutrient heterogeneity, or maximum heterogeneity containing both the depth and nutrient heterogeneity treatments (Fig. 1). The soil depth and nutrient manipulations were assigned to strips within each plot. The ...
... randomly assigned to heterogeneity treatments of control, soil depth heterogeneity, soil nutrient heterogeneity, or maximum heterogeneity containing both the depth and nutrient heterogeneity treatments (Fig. 1). The soil depth and nutrient manipulations were assigned to strips within each plot. The ...
Analysis of adaptive foraging in an intraguild predation system
... adaptive foraging, which positively impact the prey population. Once such an interaction is generated because of the high connectance of IGP, it influences all other populations in the system. These indirect interactions exert strong effects which overrule the counteracting direct effects, thus emph ...
... adaptive foraging, which positively impact the prey population. Once such an interaction is generated because of the high connectance of IGP, it influences all other populations in the system. These indirect interactions exert strong effects which overrule the counteracting direct effects, thus emph ...
Seagrasses in the age of sea turtle conservation and
... represent a return to a natural state and may be grazed well below seagrass biomasses that might have existed under less trophically-downgraded conditions. It is unquestionable that further turtle conservation efforts are required in many areas of the world to restore turtle populations to levels th ...
... represent a return to a natural state and may be grazed well below seagrass biomasses that might have existed under less trophically-downgraded conditions. It is unquestionable that further turtle conservation efforts are required in many areas of the world to restore turtle populations to levels th ...
Reviving the Superorganism
... (v) Major terms surrounding this subject, such as "individual selection", "group selection", etc. have acquired multiple and conflicting meanings. Several conceptual frameworks exist that masquerade as competing theories, but which actually are alternative ways of analyzing a common process of evolu ...
... (v) Major terms surrounding this subject, such as "individual selection", "group selection", etc. have acquired multiple and conflicting meanings. Several conceptual frameworks exist that masquerade as competing theories, but which actually are alternative ways of analyzing a common process of evolu ...
Entomology in Ecuador - Horizon documentation-IRD
... (Table 1). For example, an exhaustive survey of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) in 14 provinces of Ecuador by Coloma (1986) reported a total of 73 species, of which 13 were new species for science and 49 new records for Ecuador. Similarly, Ayala (1998) and Battiston & Picciau (2008) report ...
... (Table 1). For example, an exhaustive survey of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) in 14 provinces of Ecuador by Coloma (1986) reported a total of 73 species, of which 13 were new species for science and 49 new records for Ecuador. Similarly, Ayala (1998) and Battiston & Picciau (2008) report ...
Community and foodweb ecology of freshwater mussels
... zooplankton, and perhaps, dissolved organic matter. Living mussels and their spent shells provide or improve habitat for other organisms by providing physical structure, stabilizing and bioturbating sediments, and influencing food availability directly and indirectly through biodeposition of organic ...
... zooplankton, and perhaps, dissolved organic matter. Living mussels and their spent shells provide or improve habitat for other organisms by providing physical structure, stabilizing and bioturbating sediments, and influencing food availability directly and indirectly through biodeposition of organic ...
Appendix D: Report on the proposal for an ecological buffer zone at
... Having a buffer zone between development and Druid’s Glen will not guarantee that none of these impacts will take place, but it will help to control the magnitude, frequency and probability of them occurring. Specific impacts that could potentially occur at Druid’s Glen as a result of inappropriate ...
... Having a buffer zone between development and Druid’s Glen will not guarantee that none of these impacts will take place, but it will help to control the magnitude, frequency and probability of them occurring. Specific impacts that could potentially occur at Druid’s Glen as a result of inappropriate ...
Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century
... But it is less widely recognized in the literature of distributional ecology that positive and negative feedbacks, including impact components of the niche (7, 8), can have large effects on distributions. Because of feedbacks, the domain of niche space where a species can establish when rare (i.e., ...
... But it is less widely recognized in the literature of distributional ecology that positive and negative feedbacks, including impact components of the niche (7, 8), can have large effects on distributions. Because of feedbacks, the domain of niche space where a species can establish when rare (i.e., ...
Toward an old-growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and
... suffer from an image problem among scientists, policy makers, land managers, and the general public, that fosters alarming rates of ecosystem destruction and degradation. These biomes have for too long been misrepresented as the result of deforestation followed by arrested succession. We now know th ...
... suffer from an image problem among scientists, policy makers, land managers, and the general public, that fosters alarming rates of ecosystem destruction and degradation. These biomes have for too long been misrepresented as the result of deforestation followed by arrested succession. We now know th ...
Lethal interactions among vertebrate top predators
... between interacting species. By reviewing definitions and their underlying assumptions, we demonstrate that lethal interactions among large vertebrate predators could be designated using four terms—‘predation’, ‘intraguild predation’, ‘interspecific competitive killing’, and ‘superpredation’—without ...
... between interacting species. By reviewing definitions and their underlying assumptions, we demonstrate that lethal interactions among large vertebrate predators could be designated using four terms—‘predation’, ‘intraguild predation’, ‘interspecific competitive killing’, and ‘superpredation’—without ...
Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along
... Herbivores are regulated by predation under certain environmental conditions, whereas in ...
... Herbivores are regulated by predation under certain environmental conditions, whereas in ...
Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by effects of land-use change
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
Waterfalls drive parallel evolution in a freshwater goby
... from an anadromous ecotype (large size, high armor) (Hagen and MacPhail 1970; Rundle et al. 2000; Taylor and McPhail 2000; Reusch et al. 2001; McKinnon et al. 2004). The reproductive isolation of the stream-resident and anadromous ecotypes occurred as a result of sizeassortative mating, that is, lar ...
... from an anadromous ecotype (large size, high armor) (Hagen and MacPhail 1970; Rundle et al. 2000; Taylor and McPhail 2000; Reusch et al. 2001; McKinnon et al. 2004). The reproductive isolation of the stream-resident and anadromous ecotypes occurred as a result of sizeassortative mating, that is, lar ...
Life-history evolution in the anthropocene: effects of
... Table 1. Summary of questions and hypotheses about life-history evolution presented by anthropogenic nutrient change. Questions about life-history traits and strategies Why do species or populations vary in life-history traits? H1: Anthropogenic changes in nutrients may allow some species or populat ...
... Table 1. Summary of questions and hypotheses about life-history evolution presented by anthropogenic nutrient change. Questions about life-history traits and strategies Why do species or populations vary in life-history traits? H1: Anthropogenic changes in nutrients may allow some species or populat ...
Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
... food, nesting, overwintering and mating sites for pollinators. Any animal-pollinated plant (hereafter referred to as Ôtarget plantÕ, which can be crop or wild) is visited and pollinated by only a subset of species from the entire pollinator community. The abundances of pollinators in the wild are in ...
Ecological Divergence and Reproductive Isolation in an Amazonian
... species. In the western Amazon rainforest, complex patterns of edaphic heterogeneity have been invoked as potential drivers of plant diversity through local. Numerous studies have demonstrated that physiological trade offs associated with adaptation to different habitat types leads to ecological sor ...
... species. In the western Amazon rainforest, complex patterns of edaphic heterogeneity have been invoked as potential drivers of plant diversity through local. Numerous studies have demonstrated that physiological trade offs associated with adaptation to different habitat types leads to ecological sor ...
Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator–prey interactions
... nutrient-poor prey species (Denno & Fagan 2003; Matsumura et al. 2004). These general expectations depend in part on speculation about the functional consequences of interspecific differences in consumer nutrient demand evident in compiled databases of insect stoichiometry (Elser et al. 2000; Sterne ...
... nutrient-poor prey species (Denno & Fagan 2003; Matsumura et al. 2004). These general expectations depend in part on speculation about the functional consequences of interspecific differences in consumer nutrient demand evident in compiled databases of insect stoichiometry (Elser et al. 2000; Sterne ...
Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution
... known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated the relative effects of species invasion (a traditional ecological effect), evolution and coevolution on ecosystem processes in Trinidadian streams. We manipulated the presence and population-of-orig ...
... known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated the relative effects of species invasion (a traditional ecological effect), evolution and coevolution on ecosystem processes in Trinidadian streams. We manipulated the presence and population-of-orig ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.