BIOSPHERE Chapter 3
... All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder ...
... All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder ...
Predicting invasion in grassland ecosystems: is exotic
... However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic ...
... However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic ...
Spatial patterns of an endemic Mediterranean palm recolonizing old
... assess spatial structure in plant sizes. Plants in both plots showed two critical scales of clustering, with small clusters of a radius of 2.8–4 m nested within large clusters with 38–44 m radius. Additional to the clustered individuals, 11% and 27% of all C. humilis individuals belonged to a random ...
... assess spatial structure in plant sizes. Plants in both plots showed two critical scales of clustering, with small clusters of a radius of 2.8–4 m nested within large clusters with 38–44 m radius. Additional to the clustered individuals, 11% and 27% of all C. humilis individuals belonged to a random ...
The Stabilizing Effect of Intraspecific Genetic Variation on Population
... proposed two types of mechanisms to account for these observed positive effects of genetic diversity. Additive effects are said to occur when measured population functions can be attributed directly to the properties and frequencies of constituent genotypes in monoculture. For example, the mean prod ...
... proposed two types of mechanisms to account for these observed positive effects of genetic diversity. Additive effects are said to occur when measured population functions can be attributed directly to the properties and frequencies of constituent genotypes in monoculture. For example, the mean prod ...
temperate lake ecosystems Synchronous dynamics of zooplankton
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
Pesticide effects on freshwater zooplankton: an ecological perspective
... A good example of zooplankton being exposed to both anthropogenic and natural stressors is the diel vertical migration (DVM) of Daphnia in a pesticidecontaminated lake. The animals migrate downward into dark waters in the morning to avoid ®sh predation and upwards in the evening to obtain algae, whi ...
... A good example of zooplankton being exposed to both anthropogenic and natural stressors is the diel vertical migration (DVM) of Daphnia in a pesticidecontaminated lake. The animals migrate downward into dark waters in the morning to avoid ®sh predation and upwards in the evening to obtain algae, whi ...
Synchronous dynamics of zooplankton competitors
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
Migratory Fishes as Material and Process Subsidies in Riverine Ecosystems
... Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. with en masse programmed senescence in oligotrophic Pacific Northwest streams can be large material subsidies. In contrast, process subsidies arise from feeding or other activities of migratory species that directly affect process rates within recipient ecosystems. F ...
... Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. with en masse programmed senescence in oligotrophic Pacific Northwest streams can be large material subsidies. In contrast, process subsidies arise from feeding or other activities of migratory species that directly affect process rates within recipient ecosystems. F ...
www.esf.org - European Science Foundation
... with theoretical advances and bringing together developments in ecology, systematics, and genetics. On this basis, methods for interpreting and classifying the early phases of speciation need to be developed and, for each of the alternative speciation modes, the importance of spatial structure, gene ...
... with theoretical advances and bringing together developments in ecology, systematics, and genetics. On this basis, methods for interpreting and classifying the early phases of speciation need to be developed and, for each of the alternative speciation modes, the importance of spatial structure, gene ...
Ten Commandments for Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Scientists Diez
... calls for learning by doing in the face of incomplete knowledge. As originally proposed by Holling (1978) and refined by Lee (1993), adaptive management treats economic uses of nature as experiments, so that we may learn efficiently from experience. As Lee (1993:9) says, “Linking science and human p ...
... calls for learning by doing in the face of incomplete knowledge. As originally proposed by Holling (1978) and refined by Lee (1993), adaptive management treats economic uses of nature as experiments, so that we may learn efficiently from experience. As Lee (1993:9) says, “Linking science and human p ...
An overview of interactions among oceanography, marine
... Fig. 1: Diagram of some important oceanographic cycles and events from 1900 to 2000. Dark bars indicate El Niño, severe events are marked with an asterisk; open bars indicate La Niña. Sine wave indicates the phase of the lunar 18.6 year Metonic cycle. Sections marked “warm” versus “cold” indicate sh ...
... Fig. 1: Diagram of some important oceanographic cycles and events from 1900 to 2000. Dark bars indicate El Niño, severe events are marked with an asterisk; open bars indicate La Niña. Sine wave indicates the phase of the lunar 18.6 year Metonic cycle. Sections marked “warm” versus “cold” indicate sh ...
Reprint
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
Synchronous dynamics of zooplankton competitors prevail in
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
... dynamics [1]. The extent of synchronous and compensatory dynamics in competitive communities may therefore reflect differences in the relative strength of environmental forcing and competition [1,3]. Synchronous and compensatory dynamics are also of fundamental interest in community ecology because ...
Why should we care about soil fauna?
... soil biological processes. However, as measurements of ecosystem processes are made over larger spatial scales (hectares) and longer time intervals (months to years), process rates are related to more distal variables, such as vegetation type, soil biophysical properties (pH, soil mineralogy, etc.) ...
... soil biological processes. However, as measurements of ecosystem processes are made over larger spatial scales (hectares) and longer time intervals (months to years), process rates are related to more distal variables, such as vegetation type, soil biophysical properties (pH, soil mineralogy, etc.) ...
The struggle for existence. How the notion of carrying capacity, K
... A number of mathematical treatments successfully incorporate per capita population growth, Fisher's Malthusian fitness parameter, into very general models of natural selection and evolution (Fisher, 1922; Haldane, ...
... A number of mathematical treatments successfully incorporate per capita population growth, Fisher's Malthusian fitness parameter, into very general models of natural selection and evolution (Fisher, 1922; Haldane, ...
PDF - McGill University
... 1. Factors contributing to the maintenance of phenotypic variation in nature are often difficult to determine. Secondary sexual traits might be particularly interesting in this regard due to the interaction they experience between multiple selective agents. One way to examine such effects is to monit ...
... 1. Factors contributing to the maintenance of phenotypic variation in nature are often difficult to determine. Secondary sexual traits might be particularly interesting in this regard due to the interaction they experience between multiple selective agents. One way to examine such effects is to monit ...
Ecological Effects of Pesticides
... The next level of organization is the ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of different communities of organisms associated within a physically defined space. For example, a forest ecosystem consists of animal and plant communities in the soil, forest floor, and forest canopy, along the stream bank and ...
... The next level of organization is the ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of different communities of organisms associated within a physically defined space. For example, a forest ecosystem consists of animal and plant communities in the soil, forest floor, and forest canopy, along the stream bank and ...
The role of interspecific competition and hybridization in phenotypic
... processes. I found a complex pattern of sympatric convergence, divergence and parallel shifts in the different traits and species. This complexity may be a result of the interplay between gene flow and divergent and convergent natural selection affecting the traits. However, the Spanish sparrow stoo ...
... processes. I found a complex pattern of sympatric convergence, divergence and parallel shifts in the different traits and species. This complexity may be a result of the interplay between gene flow and divergent and convergent natural selection affecting the traits. However, the Spanish sparrow stoo ...
pdf document, 1.67 mb - Society for Tropical Ecology
... The overarching theme of our conference is “Tropical organisms and ecosystems in a changing world”. This title emphasizes two challenges our planet is facing. As widely summarized under the heading “Global Change”, life conditions on Earth are being altered at an unprecedented rate, for example with ...
... The overarching theme of our conference is “Tropical organisms and ecosystems in a changing world”. This title emphasizes two challenges our planet is facing. As widely summarized under the heading “Global Change”, life conditions on Earth are being altered at an unprecedented rate, for example with ...
4-habitat-and-niche
... • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
... • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
Adaptation, density dependence and the responses of trophic level
... The responses of abundances to the extrinsic per capita mortality rates are obtained by differentiating the equilibrium conditions for equations (1a–d) with respect to each of the di. The resulting formulae can be simplified somewhat by assuming that the equilibrium of the system is locally stable. ...
... The responses of abundances to the extrinsic per capita mortality rates are obtained by differentiating the equilibrium conditions for equations (1a–d) with respect to each of the di. The resulting formulae can be simplified somewhat by assuming that the equilibrium of the system is locally stable. ...
Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
Direct and Indirect Ecosystem Effects of Evolutionary
... guppy population densities were representative of average densities observed in natural high-predation (low density) and low-predation (high density) environments. We used electric exclosures that excluded guppies and their direct effects to quantify the total indirect effect of guppies. We then use ...
... guppy population densities were representative of average densities observed in natural high-predation (low density) and low-predation (high density) environments. We used electric exclosures that excluded guppies and their direct effects to quantify the total indirect effect of guppies. We then use ...
Evolutionary branching and sympatric speciation
... Evolutionary branching has been found in a number of models including models for the evolution of dispersal rates (Doebeli and Ruxton 1997, Parvinen 1999) and for the evolution of seed size (Geritz et al. 1999), in host-parasite models (Koella and Doebeli 1999, Boots and Haraguchi 1999), in models f ...
... Evolutionary branching has been found in a number of models including models for the evolution of dispersal rates (Doebeli and Ruxton 1997, Parvinen 1999) and for the evolution of seed size (Geritz et al. 1999), in host-parasite models (Koella and Doebeli 1999, Boots and Haraguchi 1999), in models f ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.