native vegetation - Department of Environment Regulation
... Assessment of biodiversity is complex because of the huge number of species, genetic variation within species and associations of species that exist within Western Australian ecosystems. In general, there are only reasonable data on the diversity and distribution of vertebrates, limited data on the ...
... Assessment of biodiversity is complex because of the huge number of species, genetic variation within species and associations of species that exist within Western Australian ecosystems. In general, there are only reasonable data on the diversity and distribution of vertebrates, limited data on the ...
The effects of landscape fragmentation on
... results in two often inter-related processes: (1) habitat loss, (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. We reviewed existi ...
... results in two often inter-related processes: (1) habitat loss, (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. We reviewed existi ...
here - Imedea
... to look for time and timing.) More studies were found within the reference lists of the gathered papers. Finally, we asked for unpublished data by directly contacting colleagues working on this field. After discarding 42 studies due to lack of essential information (mainly standard errors and sample ...
... to look for time and timing.) More studies were found within the reference lists of the gathered papers. Finally, we asked for unpublished data by directly contacting colleagues working on this field. After discarding 42 studies due to lack of essential information (mainly standard errors and sample ...
Ecological mechanisms associated with the positive
... bioavailable NH4þ are strongly influenced by the size of the soil-organic-matter pool (Booth et al. 2005), which is greater at higher species diversity (Fornara and Tilman 2008). In this study we measured net soil N-mineralization rates, being aware that this represents an indirect index related to ...
... bioavailable NH4þ are strongly influenced by the size of the soil-organic-matter pool (Booth et al. 2005), which is greater at higher species diversity (Fornara and Tilman 2008). In this study we measured net soil N-mineralization rates, being aware that this represents an indirect index related to ...
Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity
... extinction of some prey, especially those that are susceptible because they have low population growth rates or live in situations that leave them exposed to attack by mesopredators (Courchamp et al. 1999). Mesopredator release is therefore important not only for our understanding of how complex foo ...
... extinction of some prey, especially those that are susceptible because they have low population growth rates or live in situations that leave them exposed to attack by mesopredators (Courchamp et al. 1999). Mesopredator release is therefore important not only for our understanding of how complex foo ...
Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity
... extinction of some prey, especially those that are susceptible because they have low population growth rates or live in situations that leave them exposed to attack by mesopredators (Courchamp et al. 1999). Mesopredator release is therefore important not only for our understanding of how complex foo ...
... extinction of some prey, especially those that are susceptible because they have low population growth rates or live in situations that leave them exposed to attack by mesopredators (Courchamp et al. 1999). Mesopredator release is therefore important not only for our understanding of how complex foo ...
Article - Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
... species. Predation has been viewed as opposing selective forces where the prey evolves to reduce the interaction and the predator to continue it (Pianka 1983), but see Abrams (1986) for a less simplistic approach. Long-term effects of these interactions do appear to have caused complex changes in mo ...
... species. Predation has been viewed as opposing selective forces where the prey evolves to reduce the interaction and the predator to continue it (Pianka 1983), but see Abrams (1986) for a less simplistic approach. Long-term effects of these interactions do appear to have caused complex changes in mo ...
Community dynamics of ephemeral systems: food web
... When they do fill with water, the pool may not last more than several weeks to a couple months depending on prevailing precipitation patterns. For example, field work for Chapter 3 was planned for the summer of 2012 but was delayed a year because the playas did not fill until the next spring followi ...
... When they do fill with water, the pool may not last more than several weeks to a couple months depending on prevailing precipitation patterns. For example, field work for Chapter 3 was planned for the summer of 2012 but was delayed a year because the playas did not fill until the next spring followi ...
Drivers of host plant shifts in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica
... another (uncaged) branch served as a control. We regularly checked that syrphid larvae did not appear near the experimental larvae, and after 20–25 days (i.e. shortly after pupation), survivors were collected. The difference in survival of caged and uncaged larvae was attributed to the activity of g ...
... another (uncaged) branch served as a control. We regularly checked that syrphid larvae did not appear near the experimental larvae, and after 20–25 days (i.e. shortly after pupation), survivors were collected. The difference in survival of caged and uncaged larvae was attributed to the activity of g ...
Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity
... corporate profits’’ —that is to say, something that cannot be determined in advance (‘‘whatever works’’), or even, necessarily, understood after the fact. In nature, selection focused upon a single function might occur during an exceptionally severe environmental deterioration — a blizzard, firestor ...
... corporate profits’’ —that is to say, something that cannot be determined in advance (‘‘whatever works’’), or even, necessarily, understood after the fact. In nature, selection focused upon a single function might occur during an exceptionally severe environmental deterioration — a blizzard, firestor ...
BIOSPHERE Chapter 3
... ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder ...
... ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder ...
Potential for Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control:
... individual studies by this variance. This requirement would disqualify many studies that were otherwise appropriate but did not report variability (e.g., % mortality). Log response ratios require only the means of any measurement for treatment and control groups. Moreover, distributions of log ratio ...
... individual studies by this variance. This requirement would disqualify many studies that were otherwise appropriate but did not report variability (e.g., % mortality). Log response ratios require only the means of any measurement for treatment and control groups. Moreover, distributions of log ratio ...
THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF Undaria pinnatifida
... effects, four were pure literature searches with no fieldwork or experimental component. Fourteen had some form of biological survey work (usually performed by SCUBA) ranging from very minor surveys to compliment a literature search, to large scale surveys of U. pinnatifida distribution, with none o ...
... effects, four were pure literature searches with no fieldwork or experimental component. Fourteen had some form of biological survey work (usually performed by SCUBA) ranging from very minor surveys to compliment a literature search, to large scale surveys of U. pinnatifida distribution, with none o ...
Highly resolved early Eocene food webs show development of
... them to at least one aquatic basal taxon, as well as any resource or consumer links of those animals. A forest web was similarly generated, but instead eliminated links that involve entirely aquatic organisms. Taxa that occur in both habitats at some point in their life cycle can appear in either or ...
... them to at least one aquatic basal taxon, as well as any resource or consumer links of those animals. A forest web was similarly generated, but instead eliminated links that involve entirely aquatic organisms. Taxa that occur in both habitats at some point in their life cycle can appear in either or ...
Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: grey wolf subsidies
... habitats where aquatic insect densities are high (Sabo & Power 2002). While such resource flows from high productivity to low productivity habitats have been well documented (Fagan, Cantrell & Cosner 1999), little is understood about the possible mechanisms and effects of resource exchange from high ...
... habitats where aquatic insect densities are high (Sabo & Power 2002). While such resource flows from high productivity to low productivity habitats have been well documented (Fagan, Cantrell & Cosner 1999), little is understood about the possible mechanisms and effects of resource exchange from high ...
Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships
... relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes Introduction ...
... relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes Introduction ...
comparative evaluation of experimental
... Early interest in habitat fragmentation arose from island biogeographic theory (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). Despite the many identified shortcomings of the theory, early empirical data supported these simple predictions. This empirical work has served as a springboard for theoretical work with mathe ...
... Early interest in habitat fragmentation arose from island biogeographic theory (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). Despite the many identified shortcomings of the theory, early empirical data supported these simple predictions. This empirical work has served as a springboard for theoretical work with mathe ...
Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat
... Large numbers of empirical studies continue to document changes in species richness with decreasing habitat area, with positive, negative and no relationships regularly reported. The debate surrounding such widely contrasting results is beginning to be resolved by findings that the expected positive ...
... Large numbers of empirical studies continue to document changes in species richness with decreasing habitat area, with positive, negative and no relationships regularly reported. The debate surrounding such widely contrasting results is beginning to be resolved by findings that the expected positive ...
The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity
... Belowground communities usually support a much greater diversity of organisms than do corresponding aboveground ones, and while the factors that regulate their diversity are far less well understood, a growing number of recent studies have presented data relevant to understanding how these factors o ...
... Belowground communities usually support a much greater diversity of organisms than do corresponding aboveground ones, and while the factors that regulate their diversity are far less well understood, a growing number of recent studies have presented data relevant to understanding how these factors o ...
Compare and contrast the major types of species - science-b
... - Members interact with each other - Interactions determine the structure, function, and species composition of the community • Community ecologists = people interested in how: - Species coexist and relate to one another ...
... - Members interact with each other - Interactions determine the structure, function, and species composition of the community • Community ecologists = people interested in how: - Species coexist and relate to one another ...
WINTER BROWSING BY MOOSE AND HARES IN SUBARCTIC
... key factor for both species. In spite of this, hares and moose used different parts of the same environment because they respond to food resource distribution at different spatial scales. Hares fed from smaller plants, and focused their foraging activity on smaller spatial scales than moose. These r ...
... key factor for both species. In spite of this, hares and moose used different parts of the same environment because they respond to food resource distribution at different spatial scales. Hares fed from smaller plants, and focused their foraging activity on smaller spatial scales than moose. These r ...
beyond the ecological: biological invasions alter natural selection on
... included in the experiment. In March, I censused each transplant for herbivory (measured as the proportion of leaflets with chewing damage from Hypera). Because leaflets are relatively small (;4–15 mm in length), this measure of herbivory is likely a good correlate of the amount of photosynthetic mate ...
... included in the experiment. In March, I censused each transplant for herbivory (measured as the proportion of leaflets with chewing damage from Hypera). Because leaflets are relatively small (;4–15 mm in length), this measure of herbivory is likely a good correlate of the amount of photosynthetic mate ...
The functional response in three species of herbivorous Anatidae
... Illius & Milne 1996), when the availability of food is not limiting, larger herbivores are able to ingest more plant biomass per unit time than are smaller animals. Functional responses are also affected by characteristics of the vegetation such as its structure, density and spatial distribution thr ...
... Illius & Milne 1996), when the availability of food is not limiting, larger herbivores are able to ingest more plant biomass per unit time than are smaller animals. Functional responses are also affected by characteristics of the vegetation such as its structure, density and spatial distribution thr ...
Tentative List with Brief Descriptions
... vanished. Wooded meadows represent a number of natural and cultural values why they need to be protected. They distinguish form other agricultural landscapes because of the unusually high plant species richness both on the ecosystem and micro-community level. For that reason they have been of great ...
... vanished. Wooded meadows represent a number of natural and cultural values why they need to be protected. They distinguish form other agricultural landscapes because of the unusually high plant species richness both on the ecosystem and micro-community level. For that reason they have been of great ...
7. Annex 2 – Review of Theoretical Community Ecology
... about changes in the biodiversity of the fish assemblage; neither does it help managers to set biodiversity objectives or identify appropriate measures to achieve these. In order to address questions regarding the impact of fishing on marine biodiversity, we need to apply biodiversity indicators. Ho ...
... about changes in the biodiversity of the fish assemblage; neither does it help managers to set biodiversity objectives or identify appropriate measures to achieve these. In order to address questions regarding the impact of fishing on marine biodiversity, we need to apply biodiversity indicators. Ho ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.