Competition, predation and environmental factors as structuring
... are closely linked to size-dependent ontogenetic niche shifts. It is therefore not often meaningful to treat each factor separately because the dominating structuring force will change over an individual’s ontogeny. Rather, the appropriate task is to analyse how different forces interact to shape fi ...
... are closely linked to size-dependent ontogenetic niche shifts. It is therefore not often meaningful to treat each factor separately because the dominating structuring force will change over an individual’s ontogeny. Rather, the appropriate task is to analyse how different forces interact to shape fi ...
See Offprint - Fundación BBVA
... small headwaters at the myriad upper tips of networks harbor a great number of habitat specialists within river ecosystems. That is: many species are found only in headwater habitat. There could be multiple explanations for this pattern. One may be cold stenothermy (i.e. narrow temperature requireme ...
... small headwaters at the myriad upper tips of networks harbor a great number of habitat specialists within river ecosystems. That is: many species are found only in headwater habitat. There could be multiple explanations for this pattern. One may be cold stenothermy (i.e. narrow temperature requireme ...
. Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii Overview Overview
... Red swamp crayfish are large and highly fecund, and so populations can quickly cause changes in aquatic food webs. They are omnivorous, with food sources including detritus, macroinvertebrates, green plants, juvenile fish and amphibians, and have been implicated in species declines in some areas. Ex ...
... Red swamp crayfish are large and highly fecund, and so populations can quickly cause changes in aquatic food webs. They are omnivorous, with food sources including detritus, macroinvertebrates, green plants, juvenile fish and amphibians, and have been implicated in species declines in some areas. Ex ...
Aphids and their natural enemies are differently affected by habitat
... to facilitate the design of appropriately scaled habitat conservation strategies. To accomplish this, we focused on two approaches. First, we investigated the influence of landscape complexity on the abundance and community composition of aphid natural enemies and on cereal aphid field populations. We ...
... to facilitate the design of appropriately scaled habitat conservation strategies. To accomplish this, we focused on two approaches. First, we investigated the influence of landscape complexity on the abundance and community composition of aphid natural enemies and on cereal aphid field populations. We ...
Disturbance and Diversity in Low-Productivity
... should affect its response and sensitivity to ecological disturbances like fire, herbivory, and soil disturbance. Plant stature and life form, biomass, rates of growth, and plant palatability are all influenced by habitat productivity, and these factors play key roles in determining disturbance freq ...
... should affect its response and sensitivity to ecological disturbances like fire, herbivory, and soil disturbance. Plant stature and life form, biomass, rates of growth, and plant palatability are all influenced by habitat productivity, and these factors play key roles in determining disturbance freq ...
BENTHIC FEEDING GUILDS AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
... ecology: “[A guild is] a group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way. This term groups together species, without regard to taxonomic positions, that overlap significantly in their niche requirements.” Terborgh & Robinson (1986) and Hawkins & MacMahon (198 ...
... ecology: “[A guild is] a group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way. This term groups together species, without regard to taxonomic positions, that overlap significantly in their niche requirements.” Terborgh & Robinson (1986) and Hawkins & MacMahon (198 ...
Ecological Role of Vertebrate Scavengers
... \'UIWfC, Coragyps alralus (top right) scavenging of a feral pig~Sus scrofa-carcass, scavenging of a cane toad~Rhinella '1IIIrllla-carcass in Hawaii by an invasive small Asian mongoose~Helpestesjav(micus (bottom left), and scavenging of a rat t!UfCUIIII by a gray fox-Urocyon cinereoargellteus (bottom ...
... \'UIWfC, Coragyps alralus (top right) scavenging of a feral pig~Sus scrofa-carcass, scavenging of a cane toad~Rhinella '1IIIrllla-carcass in Hawaii by an invasive small Asian mongoose~Helpestesjav(micus (bottom left), and scavenging of a rat t!UfCUIIII by a gray fox-Urocyon cinereoargellteus (bottom ...
Stoichiometry and population dynamics
... in C : N : P ratios (DeMott 2003; Makino et al. 2003), this variation is typically an order of magnitude less than what is encountered in autotrophs (Elser et al. 2000a). Early on, several authors (Andersen & Hessen 1991; Sterner & Hessen 1994) speculated that zooplankton species with high body P-co ...
... in C : N : P ratios (DeMott 2003; Makino et al. 2003), this variation is typically an order of magnitude less than what is encountered in autotrophs (Elser et al. 2000a). Early on, several authors (Andersen & Hessen 1991; Sterner & Hessen 1994) speculated that zooplankton species with high body P-co ...
potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red
... First, we predicted that the presence of bullfrog larvae would have negative effects on the growth and development of red-legged frog larvae, and that this effect would be much stronger when food resources were clumped. Our prediction was based on asymmetries in age, development stage, and size betw ...
... First, we predicted that the presence of bullfrog larvae would have negative effects on the growth and development of red-legged frog larvae, and that this effect would be much stronger when food resources were clumped. Our prediction was based on asymmetries in age, development stage, and size betw ...
Adaptive divergence, genetic connectivity, and post
... Speciation is arguably the most important problem in evolutionary biology. Following the biological species concept, speciation is the process by which populations of one species reduce inter-population mating – that is, gene flow – to the point where they become two reproductively isolated species. ...
... Speciation is arguably the most important problem in evolutionary biology. Following the biological species concept, speciation is the process by which populations of one species reduce inter-population mating – that is, gene flow – to the point where they become two reproductively isolated species. ...
Marine Chemical Ecology: Chemical Signals and Cues Structure
... and grows as colonies too big for ciliates to consume (Long et al. 2007). In contrast, when its neighbors are attacked by copepods that feed on larger foods, it suppresses colony formation and grows as single cells too small to interest copepods. These shifts could alter energy flow, nutrient cycling ...
... and grows as colonies too big for ciliates to consume (Long et al. 2007). In contrast, when its neighbors are attacked by copepods that feed on larger foods, it suppresses colony formation and grows as single cells too small to interest copepods. These shifts could alter energy flow, nutrient cycling ...
THE ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE
... The concept of the ecological niche provides the foundation for understanding the distribution and abundance of organisms in their natural environments. Given its central importance in ecology and evolutionary biology, it is not surprising that the niche concept has been the source of a great deal o ...
... The concept of the ecological niche provides the foundation for understanding the distribution and abundance of organisms in their natural environments. Given its central importance in ecology and evolutionary biology, it is not surprising that the niche concept has been the source of a great deal o ...
Habitat complexity: approaches and future directions
... At the patch scale, habitat complexity can increase species richness over and above effects of patch size (Taniguchi et al., 2003; Matias et al., 2010), illustrating the importance of the physical habitat per se in a range of systems and at multiple spatial scales, and its independent effects from s ...
... At the patch scale, habitat complexity can increase species richness over and above effects of patch size (Taniguchi et al., 2003; Matias et al., 2010), illustrating the importance of the physical habitat per se in a range of systems and at multiple spatial scales, and its independent effects from s ...
Published Version
... symbionts for defense against natural enemies, but the ecological importance of defensive symbionts for natural communities still needs to be investigated. A well-known example is Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable endosymbiotic bacterium commonly found in aphids. Laboratory experiments have shown th ...
... symbionts for defense against natural enemies, but the ecological importance of defensive symbionts for natural communities still needs to be investigated. A well-known example is Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable endosymbiotic bacterium commonly found in aphids. Laboratory experiments have shown th ...
pollination syndromes and floral specialization
... Thomson, in preparation). Our goal is to reconcile these two perspectives. In this review, we treat only evolutionary processes as they affect plants. Rather than focusing on reciprocal coevolution at or near the species level, we treat pollinators as effectively static entities to which plants some ...
... Thomson, in preparation). Our goal is to reconcile these two perspectives. In this review, we treat only evolutionary processes as they affect plants. Rather than focusing on reciprocal coevolution at or near the species level, we treat pollinators as effectively static entities to which plants some ...
Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator
... of recovery times for overexploited fisheries suggests that highertrophic level species are likely to exhibit the slowest recovery rates (17). Indeed, this finding almost certainly generalizes that apex predator recoveries often will be slower than those of lower-trophic level species simply because ...
... of recovery times for overexploited fisheries suggests that highertrophic level species are likely to exhibit the slowest recovery rates (17). Indeed, this finding almost certainly generalizes that apex predator recoveries often will be slower than those of lower-trophic level species simply because ...
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into
... TABLE 1. Glossary of key terms used in this paper (in order of appearance). Term ...
... TABLE 1. Glossary of key terms used in this paper (in order of appearance). Term ...
Biodiversity 2036 | May 2016
... Question 22 – What type of regional land-use planning approach would you prefer to reconcile the tradeoffs required at landscape scale as part of our adaptation to climate change? .......................................... 25 Question 23 - What do you think of the proposed approaches overall to mana ...
... Question 22 – What type of regional land-use planning approach would you prefer to reconcile the tradeoffs required at landscape scale as part of our adaptation to climate change? .......................................... 25 Question 23 - What do you think of the proposed approaches overall to mana ...
Thesis - Rufford Small Grants
... I model and extend two concepts central to foraging theory involving predation risk. I consider how animals should select their habitats under predation risk and once within a selected habitat how foraging animals should partition time between competing fitness enhancing activities. In the former, w ...
... I model and extend two concepts central to foraging theory involving predation risk. I consider how animals should select their habitats under predation risk and once within a selected habitat how foraging animals should partition time between competing fitness enhancing activities. In the former, w ...
Comparison of benthic and pelagic suspension feeding in
... three times and filtered on Whatman CF ⁄ F filters within 4 h of retrieval. Further processing of samples followed the procedures described above. To estimate loss of Chl a in the digestive tract, separate experiments were carried out on land. Mussels were incubated in 5-liter buckets filled with na ...
... three times and filtered on Whatman CF ⁄ F filters within 4 h of retrieval. Further processing of samples followed the procedures described above. To estimate loss of Chl a in the digestive tract, separate experiments were carried out on land. Mussels were incubated in 5-liter buckets filled with na ...
1 - testbankcart.eu
... Who was the first person to use the term “ecology” (oekologie)? Charles Darwin Theodosius Dobzhansky Ernst Haeckel Aristotle ...
... Who was the first person to use the term “ecology” (oekologie)? Charles Darwin Theodosius Dobzhansky Ernst Haeckel Aristotle ...
Microscale Insight into Microbial Seed Banks
... stochastic individual based models (IBMs) that simulated energetic, physiological, and ecological processes across combinations of resource, spatial, and trophic complexity. These IBMs allowed realistic dynamics and the emergence of seed banks from ecological selection on random variation in species ...
... stochastic individual based models (IBMs) that simulated energetic, physiological, and ecological processes across combinations of resource, spatial, and trophic complexity. These IBMs allowed realistic dynamics and the emergence of seed banks from ecological selection on random variation in species ...
Evolution of Predator and Prey Movement into Sink Habitats
... interaction; that is, both species become locally extinct when neither species immigrates into the habitat. However, sink habitats for the prey may serve as source habitats for predators (i.e., sustain predators without immigration by predators) if immigration by the prey sustains sufficiently high ...
... interaction; that is, both species become locally extinct when neither species immigrates into the habitat. However, sink habitats for the prey may serve as source habitats for predators (i.e., sustain predators without immigration by predators) if immigration by the prey sustains sufficiently high ...
The role of macrophytes in habitat structuring in aquatic
... that are applied to aquatic macrophytes to understand their influence on attached animal assemblages. A lack of standardization (considering the wide range of techniques and scales of resolution used) limits comparisons between different studies exploring this subject, in which biological samples an ...
... that are applied to aquatic macrophytes to understand their influence on attached animal assemblages. A lack of standardization (considering the wide range of techniques and scales of resolution used) limits comparisons between different studies exploring this subject, in which biological samples an ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.