Assessing the role of large herbivores in the
... as a result of conservation initiatives or the faster decline of their predators (Estes et al. ...
... as a result of conservation initiatives or the faster decline of their predators (Estes et al. ...
Cohort Dynamics Give Rise to Alternative Stable Community States.
... Although seldom noted, assembly history may influence not only community composition but also population dynamics (Jiang et al. 2011), rendering ASS that represent different types of alternative dynamical states (Henson et al. 2002; Ives et al. 2008). One example of such alternative dynamical states ...
... Although seldom noted, assembly history may influence not only community composition but also population dynamics (Jiang et al. 2011), rendering ASS that represent different types of alternative dynamical states (Henson et al. 2002; Ives et al. 2008). One example of such alternative dynamical states ...
Impacts of Insect Herbivory and Nitrogen Eutrophication on
... approaches overlook the importance of the great number of belowground interactions that occur among plants, herbivores and other organisms. A great challenge in global change ecology is to understand how the above- and belowground subsystems interact to determine the ultimate, ecosystem-level impact ...
... approaches overlook the importance of the great number of belowground interactions that occur among plants, herbivores and other organisms. A great challenge in global change ecology is to understand how the above- and belowground subsystems interact to determine the ultimate, ecosystem-level impact ...
Understanding Mutualism When There is Adaptation to the Partner
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals
... et al. (2008)). Other chemicals can be produced in the STP because they are intermediates in the biodegradation of chemicals entering the STP. Nonylphenol (NP) is one such chemical, whose presence in STP effluents is a consequence of the incomplete biodegradation of NP polyethoxylates, a class of non ...
... et al. (2008)). Other chemicals can be produced in the STP because they are intermediates in the biodegradation of chemicals entering the STP. Nonylphenol (NP) is one such chemical, whose presence in STP effluents is a consequence of the incomplete biodegradation of NP polyethoxylates, a class of non ...
Ecological explanations for (incomplete) speciation
... Correlated evolutionary response: divergence of a trait, which itself might not be under selection, which occurs because it is correlated with another trait that is under divergent selection. Here we use this term primarily to refer to reproductive isolation that evolves as a correlated response to ...
... Correlated evolutionary response: divergence of a trait, which itself might not be under selection, which occurs because it is correlated with another trait that is under divergent selection. Here we use this term primarily to refer to reproductive isolation that evolves as a correlated response to ...
Fire regimes and fire effects in Chilean Araucaria Forests.
... Although plant-plant facilitation via the nurse effects seems to be common in Alpine environments, similar information for plant-plant facilitation via shared pollinators is limited. Pollinator sharing often implies interspecific pollen transfer (IPT). We studied IPT among a total of ~50 plant speci ...
... Although plant-plant facilitation via the nurse effects seems to be common in Alpine environments, similar information for plant-plant facilitation via shared pollinators is limited. Pollinator sharing often implies interspecific pollen transfer (IPT). We studied IPT among a total of ~50 plant speci ...
A US–Canada Science Symposium, 27–30 November 2012
... of environmental change. Retrospective and prospective studies on the influence of climate change on lobster health will allow us to define if anthropogenic or environmental changes make lobster stocks more vulnerable. A general epidemiological model for lobster diseases is needed to generate testable ...
... of environmental change. Retrospective and prospective studies on the influence of climate change on lobster health will allow us to define if anthropogenic or environmental changes make lobster stocks more vulnerable. A general epidemiological model for lobster diseases is needed to generate testable ...
weakly density-dependent mortality and the coexistence of species
... 1967; Bak, 1996; Wilson, 1975)). In this paper, we argue that weakly densitydependent mortality, characterized by fractional exponents slightly greater than one, could potentially have a strong qualitative impact on ecological dynamics; their investigation may shed new light on important current que ...
... 1967; Bak, 1996; Wilson, 1975)). In this paper, we argue that weakly densitydependent mortality, characterized by fractional exponents slightly greater than one, could potentially have a strong qualitative impact on ecological dynamics; their investigation may shed new light on important current que ...
Ecological enhancement of an aphid parasitoid
... Field surveys of natural aphid populations in a wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) (c.v. Otane) (Gramineae) field showed that proximity to floral buckwheat patches, distance to the nearest edge or the leeward end of the field were not significantly correlated with rates of parasitism. These variables were ...
... Field surveys of natural aphid populations in a wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) (c.v. Otane) (Gramineae) field showed that proximity to floral buckwheat patches, distance to the nearest edge or the leeward end of the field were not significantly correlated with rates of parasitism. These variables were ...
shifts in community leaf functional traits are
... abundant species in a community exerts the highest impact on ecosystem properties (see also Díaz et al. 2007; Garnier et al. 2004, 2007; Quested et al. 2007). Following this argumentation, it can be expected that leaf traits of the most dominant species should have the highest influence on ecosys ...
... abundant species in a community exerts the highest impact on ecosystem properties (see also Díaz et al. 2007; Garnier et al. 2004, 2007; Quested et al. 2007). Following this argumentation, it can be expected that leaf traits of the most dominant species should have the highest influence on ecosys ...
Downloaded
... In the present study we analyzed shifts in CWM traits along a gradient of secondary succession established in the BEFChina project (Bruelheide et al. 2011). We examined 27 communities along a gradient covering ~120 years of secondary forest succession. For a total of 143 species we assessed mean val ...
... In the present study we analyzed shifts in CWM traits along a gradient of secondary succession established in the BEFChina project (Bruelheide et al. 2011). We examined 27 communities along a gradient covering ~120 years of secondary forest succession. For a total of 143 species we assessed mean val ...
A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a figfig wasp
... chi-square test to see whether there was biased predation between them. We also tested for associations between the presence of weaver ants and both wasp community structure and fig seed production. For each tree, wasp numbers (per species) were summed for over the ten figs sampled per tree to repre ...
... chi-square test to see whether there was biased predation between them. We also tested for associations between the presence of weaver ants and both wasp community structure and fig seed production. For each tree, wasp numbers (per species) were summed for over the ten figs sampled per tree to repre ...
- Wiley Online Library
... can exhibit extreme variability within a single year depending upon the seasonal location of migratory species. Such systems offer an opportunity to empirically investigate cyclic population density effects on short-term food web interactions by taking advantage of the large seasonal shifts in migr ...
... can exhibit extreme variability within a single year depending upon the seasonal location of migratory species. Such systems offer an opportunity to empirically investigate cyclic population density effects on short-term food web interactions by taking advantage of the large seasonal shifts in migr ...
Study Guide: Unit 1 AP Environmental Science
... Be able to explain there is a one-way flow of energy through food chains. Be able to define biomass. Be able to explain why food chains form energy pyramids (relate to 2nd Law of Thermodynamics). Be able to define ecological efficiency and know what the typical ecological efficiency is for a food ch ...
... Be able to explain there is a one-way flow of energy through food chains. Be able to define biomass. Be able to explain why food chains form energy pyramids (relate to 2nd Law of Thermodynamics). Be able to define ecological efficiency and know what the typical ecological efficiency is for a food ch ...
108790 No Species Text Q6 - Department of Environment, Water
... 2007–2017 is the first statewide nature conservation strategy in South Australia. The vision of No Species Loss is a bold and aspirational one: the people of South Australia actively supporting their native plants, animals and ecosystems to survive, evolve and adapt to environmental change. With thi ...
... 2007–2017 is the first statewide nature conservation strategy in South Australia. The vision of No Species Loss is a bold and aspirational one: the people of South Australia actively supporting their native plants, animals and ecosystems to survive, evolve and adapt to environmental change. With thi ...
Dealing with uncertainty and risk: Use of multipliers and discount rates
... managing pests to improve condition and successful establishment of seedlings and existing vegetation. Where they can be found, averted-loss offsets that reduce or halt ongoing or expected threats to biodiversity may provide more assured and immediate benefits than restoration-based offsets. This is ...
... managing pests to improve condition and successful establishment of seedlings and existing vegetation. Where they can be found, averted-loss offsets that reduce or halt ongoing or expected threats to biodiversity may provide more assured and immediate benefits than restoration-based offsets. This is ...
Wytham publications - Bodleian Libraries
... Farm at Wytham. Ann.Rep.Ashmol.Mus. 1977-8, Pl.3, p.22. ASKEW,R.R. (1958). Harpiphorus lepidus Klug (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in Berkshire. Ent.Mon.Mag. 94:203. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). A revision of the British species of the genus Olynx Forster (Hym., Eulophidae). Ent.Mon.Mag. 95:49-57. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). ...
... Farm at Wytham. Ann.Rep.Ashmol.Mus. 1977-8, Pl.3, p.22. ASKEW,R.R. (1958). Harpiphorus lepidus Klug (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in Berkshire. Ent.Mon.Mag. 94:203. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). A revision of the British species of the genus Olynx Forster (Hym., Eulophidae). Ent.Mon.Mag. 95:49-57. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). ...
CONTEXT-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF FISHING: VARIATION IN
... could only be attributed to trophic cascades associated with protection from fishing in two of the six locations examined. In other cases, variation between reserve and fished sites was equally well explained by differences in sediment or wave exposure among sites. These results suggest that trophic c ...
... could only be attributed to trophic cascades associated with protection from fishing in two of the six locations examined. In other cases, variation between reserve and fished sites was equally well explained by differences in sediment or wave exposure among sites. These results suggest that trophic c ...
Determining selection across heterogeneous
... essentially describing first order, or weak, selection. This is not in itself a new approach (especially for matrix models, see e.g., Van Baalen and Rand 1998; Caswell 2001; Rousset 2004), but by using perturbation theory for operators describing reaction-diffusion dynamics in systems with absorptiv ...
... essentially describing first order, or weak, selection. This is not in itself a new approach (especially for matrix models, see e.g., Van Baalen and Rand 1998; Caswell 2001; Rousset 2004), but by using perturbation theory for operators describing reaction-diffusion dynamics in systems with absorptiv ...
The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump
... marked shift in the way that aquatic protists are popularly characterized and subdivided. Instead of the traditional “black-and-white” view that characterizes typical marine microbial protists as being either phototrophic “phytoplankton” or phagotrophic “microzooplankton”, they argued that a signifi ...
... marked shift in the way that aquatic protists are popularly characterized and subdivided. Instead of the traditional “black-and-white” view that characterizes typical marine microbial protists as being either phototrophic “phytoplankton” or phagotrophic “microzooplankton”, they argued that a signifi ...
Competitive speciation
... The evolution of phenotypic expansion continues in the same manner until one of three things happens. Case I: Blocking gaps. Adjacent, as yet non-existent phenotypes have their fitness reduced below zero (Fig. 2). In this case the selective pressure for niche and phenotypic expansion ceases, and the ...
... The evolution of phenotypic expansion continues in the same manner until one of three things happens. Case I: Blocking gaps. Adjacent, as yet non-existent phenotypes have their fitness reduced below zero (Fig. 2). In this case the selective pressure for niche and phenotypic expansion ceases, and the ...
special feature - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
... that ought to be widespread. At the most basic level, the omnivorous animal, as a generalist, should have higher performance in variable environments than some more specialized feeder. Yet the problem of which, why, and how organisms are omnivorous was somehow supplanted by the apparent observation ...
... that ought to be widespread. At the most basic level, the omnivorous animal, as a generalist, should have higher performance in variable environments than some more specialized feeder. Yet the problem of which, why, and how organisms are omnivorous was somehow supplanted by the apparent observation ...
Ecology (Ch. 2-5): TEST PRACTICE Multiple Choice Identify the
... a. with each other and their habitat. b. and their communities. c. with each other and their physical environment. d. and the food they eat. 2. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called a. a community. c. a biome. b. a population. d. a habitat. 3. An e ...
... a. with each other and their habitat. b. and their communities. c. with each other and their physical environment. d. and the food they eat. 2. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called a. a community. c. a biome. b. a population. d. a habitat. 3. An e ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.