Habitat Cascades: The Conceptual Context and
... Habitat cascades can therefore be quantified directly from observations and collections of samples of the basal and intermediate habitat formers. Secondly, research focus can be on ‘‘mutualism’’ (and/or commensalism) ‘‘between successive interactors.’’ For example, focal organisms can be individual ...
... Habitat cascades can therefore be quantified directly from observations and collections of samples of the basal and intermediate habitat formers. Secondly, research focus can be on ‘‘mutualism’’ (and/or commensalism) ‘‘between successive interactors.’’ For example, focal organisms can be individual ...
4.3 Succession
... following multiple disturbances that took place at different times. Some climax communities are disturbed so often that they can’t really be called stable. ...
... following multiple disturbances that took place at different times. Some climax communities are disturbed so often that they can’t really be called stable. ...
How Does Climate Influence Speciation?
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
Trait-dependent modification of facilitation on cobble
... data analyzed are for the final day of sampling. All data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis. Cochran’s C test of homogeneity of variances: P . 0.05 for each test. ...
... data analyzed are for the final day of sampling. All data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis. Cochran’s C test of homogeneity of variances: P . 0.05 for each test. ...
How Does Climate Influence Speciation?
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
ZOOPLANKTON STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS IN MEDITERRANEAN MARSHES (EMPORDÀ WETLANDS): A SIZE-BASED APPROACH
... 4. Typology of biomass size spectrum at ecological scaling .................................. 31 4.1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 4.2. Results....................................................................... ...
... 4. Typology of biomass size spectrum at ecological scaling .................................. 31 4.1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 4.2. Results....................................................................... ...
prey community
... where different sub-populations adapt to different interacting species (Futuyma and Moreno, 1988; Davies and Brooke, 1989; Nuismer and Thompson, 2006; Edeline et al., 2008). If defence correlations are negative, selection by one predator could reduce the selection imposed by another predator owing t ...
... where different sub-populations adapt to different interacting species (Futuyma and Moreno, 1988; Davies and Brooke, 1989; Nuismer and Thompson, 2006; Edeline et al., 2008). If defence correlations are negative, selection by one predator could reduce the selection imposed by another predator owing t ...
Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution
... traits. F1 and F2 represent two different biological functions. The second level is composed of behavioural traits (Bs) involved in each function. The next level is composed of neurophysiological (Ns; e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators) and structural (e.g., neuronal structures, musc ...
... traits. F1 and F2 represent two different biological functions. The second level is composed of behavioural traits (Bs) involved in each function. The next level is composed of neurophysiological (Ns; e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators) and structural (e.g., neuronal structures, musc ...
Habitat structure, trophic structure and ecosystem
... Although ecosystem functions, as measured by energy and nutrient Xux, are known to be aVected by both habitat structure (Klein 1989; Didham et al. 1996; Wardle et al. 1997; Gonzalez and Chaneton 2002; Tewksbury et al. 2002) and trophic structure (McQueen et al. 1989; Schindler et al. 1997; Carpenter ...
... Although ecosystem functions, as measured by energy and nutrient Xux, are known to be aVected by both habitat structure (Klein 1989; Didham et al. 1996; Wardle et al. 1997; Gonzalez and Chaneton 2002; Tewksbury et al. 2002) and trophic structure (McQueen et al. 1989; Schindler et al. 1997; Carpenter ...
Bio-Diversity, Extinction, and Incentives to Save/Exterminate Species
... Describe how successful solutions for maintaining the integrity of natural systems must also address the needs of local people and should include those local communities in the planning and implementation. Describe examples of the different viewpoints local people may have about land use issues. Str ...
... Describe how successful solutions for maintaining the integrity of natural systems must also address the needs of local people and should include those local communities in the planning and implementation. Describe examples of the different viewpoints local people may have about land use issues. Str ...
The Protozoa
... of life’s various functions must be performed within the individual protozoan, some morphological and physiological features are unique to protozoan cells. In some species the cytoplasm immediately under the plasma membrane is semisolid or gelatinous, giving some rigidity to the cell body. It is ter ...
... of life’s various functions must be performed within the individual protozoan, some morphological and physiological features are unique to protozoan cells. In some species the cytoplasm immediately under the plasma membrane is semisolid or gelatinous, giving some rigidity to the cell body. It is ter ...
APHIDS AND ANTS - underc - University of Notre Dame
... 1999). Because the most studied relationships among ecosystems are those between predator and prey, mutualisms are often ignored or go unnoticed. This makes understanding mutualisms all the more important. The mutualism phenomenon is demonstrated between numerous species on earth, and is often the e ...
... 1999). Because the most studied relationships among ecosystems are those between predator and prey, mutualisms are often ignored or go unnoticed. This makes understanding mutualisms all the more important. The mutualism phenomenon is demonstrated between numerous species on earth, and is often the e ...
Functional diversity - Centre d`étude de la forêt
... the quantitative methods employed. We describe some well known and previously unknown general properties of different measures, highlight their advantages and disadvantages using new models, and suggest directions for future development. Validation of measures will help understand the effects of bio ...
... the quantitative methods employed. We describe some well known and previously unknown general properties of different measures, highlight their advantages and disadvantages using new models, and suggest directions for future development. Validation of measures will help understand the effects of bio ...
Making Space for Nature: Network
... Do England’s wildlife sites comprise a coherent and resilient ecological network? If not, what needs to be done? These are the questions that we aim to answer in this report. We first consider why these questions are important in the context of past, current and future pressures on the environment, ...
... Do England’s wildlife sites comprise a coherent and resilient ecological network? If not, what needs to be done? These are the questions that we aim to answer in this report. We first consider why these questions are important in the context of past, current and future pressures on the environment, ...
2014 Faculty Achievements and Activities Awards and Honors
... Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies, (2014), Proceedings of the National Academy of the USA, 111, 740-745. Life form influences survivorship patterns for 109 herbaceous perennials from six semi-arid ecosystems, (2014), Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 947-954. Warm ...
... Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies, (2014), Proceedings of the National Academy of the USA, 111, 740-745. Life form influences survivorship patterns for 109 herbaceous perennials from six semi-arid ecosystems, (2014), Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 947-954. Warm ...
Diversity and coevolutionary dynamics in high
... We study macroevolutionary dynamics by extending microevolutionary competition models to long time scales. It has been shown that for a general class of competition models, gradual evolutionary change in continuous phenotypes (evolutionary dynamics) can be non-stationary and even chaotic when the di ...
... We study macroevolutionary dynamics by extending microevolutionary competition models to long time scales. It has been shown that for a general class of competition models, gradual evolutionary change in continuous phenotypes (evolutionary dynamics) can be non-stationary and even chaotic when the di ...
Stable Isotope Analysis Reveals That Agricultural Habitat Provides
... supratidal (upland) feeding habitats, the relative contribution of each habitat to individual diets has not been directly quantified. We quantified the proportional use that Calidris alpina pacifica (Dunlin) made of estuarine vs. terrestrial farmland resources on the Fraser River Delta, British Colu ...
... supratidal (upland) feeding habitats, the relative contribution of each habitat to individual diets has not been directly quantified. We quantified the proportional use that Calidris alpina pacifica (Dunlin) made of estuarine vs. terrestrial farmland resources on the Fraser River Delta, British Colu ...
PDF of this page
... This course applies ecology to the study and management of animals and their habitats. We will discuss management for consumptive and non- consumptive uses of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Prerequisites: BIOL F371; WLF F101; ENGL F111X; ENGL F211X or ENGL F213X. Lecture + Lab + Other: 2 + ...
... This course applies ecology to the study and management of animals and their habitats. We will discuss management for consumptive and non- consumptive uses of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Prerequisites: BIOL F371; WLF F101; ENGL F111X; ENGL F211X or ENGL F213X. Lecture + Lab + Other: 2 + ...
Non-Consumptive Effects of Spiders and Ants: Does Fear
... inform many prey individuals simultaneously without any saturation effect that typically occurs if predators eat prey (i.e. functional response). The idea that effects of predation risk complement effects of killing prey led to the concept of non-consumptive effects. Nonconsumptive effects are all d ...
... inform many prey individuals simultaneously without any saturation effect that typically occurs if predators eat prey (i.e. functional response). The idea that effects of predation risk complement effects of killing prey led to the concept of non-consumptive effects. Nonconsumptive effects are all d ...
Part 3 Designing and Implementing Ecosystem Connectivity in the
... connections, pollinators could not move efficiently between backyard gardens, natural areas, farms, and ranches. Ecological Connectivity provides vital benefits particularly related to water. Connectivity supports improved water quality (purification) and protects aquifers. Corridors near streams an ...
... connections, pollinators could not move efficiently between backyard gardens, natural areas, farms, and ranches. Ecological Connectivity provides vital benefits particularly related to water. Connectivity supports improved water quality (purification) and protects aquifers. Corridors near streams an ...
Do Eco-Evo Feedbacks Help Us Understand Nature? Answers From
... this volume; Ferriere et al., 2004; Kokko and López-Sepulcre, 2007). This change in the nature of selection may elicit a genetic response that alters the impact the organism has on its environment, which can in turn change the nature of selection again, creating a feedback loop that links the dynam ...
... this volume; Ferriere et al., 2004; Kokko and López-Sepulcre, 2007). This change in the nature of selection may elicit a genetic response that alters the impact the organism has on its environment, which can in turn change the nature of selection again, creating a feedback loop that links the dynam ...
Manipulative Field Experiments in Animal Ecology: Do They
... deliver sensible and informative answers: the experimental designs are necessarily constrained and compromised by the trade-off between the demands of canying out experiments at those large scales and the resources that can be made available (see below). If the design is sufficiently compromised, th ...
... deliver sensible and informative answers: the experimental designs are necessarily constrained and compromised by the trade-off between the demands of canying out experiments at those large scales and the resources that can be made available (see below). If the design is sufficiently compromised, th ...
Examining predator–prey body size, trophic level and body mass
... more easily accessible to consumers within the marine environment. Where terrestrial primary producers represent a higher proportion of the earth’s primary-producer biomass (approx. 99.8%), their net turnover rate is much slower than the oceanic primary producers (e.g. carbon turnover 19 years for t ...
... more easily accessible to consumers within the marine environment. Where terrestrial primary producers represent a higher proportion of the earth’s primary-producer biomass (approx. 99.8%), their net turnover rate is much slower than the oceanic primary producers (e.g. carbon turnover 19 years for t ...
The importance of crustacean zooplankton in
... Plankton data from the experiment are occasionally compared to data from the lake, which stem from a weekly sampling routine. Collection equipment and counting procedures are identical with the procedures described above. Analysis of data The instantaneous population growth rate, rm, is the appropri ...
... Plankton data from the experiment are occasionally compared to data from the lake, which stem from a weekly sampling routine. Collection equipment and counting procedures are identical with the procedures described above. Analysis of data The instantaneous population growth rate, rm, is the appropri ...
pdf file
... (buffering) capacity, which can eventually lead to the "death" of a lake or similar body of water. Acid rain is also implicated in the death of many species of trees, e.g. Red Spruce, Sugar Maples, Paper Birch, Green Ash and other species in the northeastern United States. …Precipitation with a pH l ...
... (buffering) capacity, which can eventually lead to the "death" of a lake or similar body of water. Acid rain is also implicated in the death of many species of trees, e.g. Red Spruce, Sugar Maples, Paper Birch, Green Ash and other species in the northeastern United States. …Precipitation with a pH l ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.