ppt
... “The extraordinary diversity of the terrestrial fauna, which is much greater than that of the marine fauna, is clearly due largely to the diversity provided by terrestrial plants… on the whole the problem still remains, but in the new form: Why are there so many kinds of plants?” Hutchinson (1959) “ ...
... “The extraordinary diversity of the terrestrial fauna, which is much greater than that of the marine fauna, is clearly due largely to the diversity provided by terrestrial plants… on the whole the problem still remains, but in the new form: Why are there so many kinds of plants?” Hutchinson (1959) “ ...
How can we apply theories of habitat selection to wildlife
... management of wildlife. Many of the solutions involve the use of habitat isodars, graphs of densities in pairs of habitats such that expected fitness is the same in both. For single species, isodars reflect differences in habitat quality, and specify the conditions when population density will, or w ...
... management of wildlife. Many of the solutions involve the use of habitat isodars, graphs of densities in pairs of habitats such that expected fitness is the same in both. For single species, isodars reflect differences in habitat quality, and specify the conditions when population density will, or w ...
Evaluation Sourcebook - University of Michigan School of Natural
... you to document and celebrate successes, gain support and understanding for what you do, make informed decisions and be more effective. The Evaluation Sourcebook draws on the experience of many on-theground ecosystem and community-based projects, as well as the extensive literature on ecological, so ...
... you to document and celebrate successes, gain support and understanding for what you do, make informed decisions and be more effective. The Evaluation Sourcebook draws on the experience of many on-theground ecosystem and community-based projects, as well as the extensive literature on ecological, so ...
environmental science and engineering
... 18. What are the methods by which nitrogen fixation takes place in the nature? Ans: Natural nitrogen fixation can be obtained from lightening of clouds and bacteria and fungi present in soil and water. Artificial fixation of nitrogen i& obtained with the help of fertilizer of fertilizer industries, ...
... 18. What are the methods by which nitrogen fixation takes place in the nature? Ans: Natural nitrogen fixation can be obtained from lightening of clouds and bacteria and fungi present in soil and water. Artificial fixation of nitrogen i& obtained with the help of fertilizer of fertilizer industries, ...
Evolutionary and plastic rescue in multitrophic model communities
... Tollrian & Harvell [11]). Plasticity can occur within a generation, whereas evolution is always transgenerational; therefore, plasticity will probably allow faster adaptations than genetic diversity [1]. In many cases, plasticity may be capable of providing most or all of the adaptive trait change r ...
... Tollrian & Harvell [11]). Plasticity can occur within a generation, whereas evolution is always transgenerational; therefore, plasticity will probably allow faster adaptations than genetic diversity [1]. In many cases, plasticity may be capable of providing most or all of the adaptive trait change r ...
Invasive non-native plants retain native mammal communities in
... where it is otherwise lacking, thereby increasing the diversity and abundance of native fauna. Yet little is known of their net effect on population persistence. Understanding the impact of nonnative plants on native fauna is becoming increasingly urgent for conservation management, particularly in ...
... where it is otherwise lacking, thereby increasing the diversity and abundance of native fauna. Yet little is known of their net effect on population persistence. Understanding the impact of nonnative plants on native fauna is becoming increasingly urgent for conservation management, particularly in ...
temporal and spatial aspects of predator
... to illustrate temporal and spatial issues involved in interpreting predator-prey interactions. As moose and wolf populations have ...
... to illustrate temporal and spatial issues involved in interpreting predator-prey interactions. As moose and wolf populations have ...
PARTITIONING OF TIME AS AN ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE Noga
... activity of pollinators at each Acacia species clearly followed the temporal separation between species in pollen release, so the ecological consequences of temporal partitioning have actually been demonstrated. The interest in the role of competition in evolution and in structuring communities also ...
... activity of pollinators at each Acacia species clearly followed the temporal separation between species in pollen release, so the ecological consequences of temporal partitioning have actually been demonstrated. The interest in the role of competition in evolution and in structuring communities also ...
Coexistence of two stage-structured intraguild predators
... intraguild populations by defining a trade-off between feeding on heterospecifics and resource. In their model, coexistence was only possible when omnivores were ‘punished’ with lower combined maximum intake rates compared to specialized predators or consumers. In essence, coexistence was only possibl ...
... intraguild populations by defining a trade-off between feeding on heterospecifics and resource. In their model, coexistence was only possible when omnivores were ‘punished’ with lower combined maximum intake rates compared to specialized predators or consumers. In essence, coexistence was only possibl ...
Niche Construction, Biological Evolution and Cultural
... case, in which the effects of niche construction are confined to a single generation. All organisms constantly interact with their local environments, and they constantly change them by doing so. If, in each generation, populations of organisms modify their local environment only idiosyncratically o ...
... case, in which the effects of niche construction are confined to a single generation. All organisms constantly interact with their local environments, and they constantly change them by doing so. If, in each generation, populations of organisms modify their local environment only idiosyncratically o ...
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISK TO POPULATIONS OF A
... and Arnett 2000, Louda et al. 2003a). Since 1993, population density of Platte thistle in demography plots has declined over 80% (Louda and Arnett 2000, Louda et al. 2003a). Demography plot data and integral projection model methods (Easterling et al. 2000, Rees and Rose 2002) demonstrate that the d ...
... and Arnett 2000, Louda et al. 2003a). Since 1993, population density of Platte thistle in demography plots has declined over 80% (Louda and Arnett 2000, Louda et al. 2003a). Demography plot data and integral projection model methods (Easterling et al. 2000, Rees and Rose 2002) demonstrate that the d ...
Establishment of a self-propagating population of the African malaria
... explicit attention to mosquito ecology is vital not only for interpretation of why some otherwise well proven interventions are less effective than expected in different ecological settings, but also for identifying other vulnerabilities in the mosquito life cycle that could be targeted by novel met ...
... explicit attention to mosquito ecology is vital not only for interpretation of why some otherwise well proven interventions are less effective than expected in different ecological settings, but also for identifying other vulnerabilities in the mosquito life cycle that could be targeted by novel met ...
The Role of Body Size in Complex Food Webs: A Cold - ePIC
... Recent research has shown that species from higher trophic levels (Pauly et al., 1998), large-bodied or slow-growing species, with late maturity tend to decline or go extinct more rapidly than those that are smaller (Cardillo, 2003; Layer et al., 2011; McKinney, 1997). This suggests that some life-h ...
... Recent research has shown that species from higher trophic levels (Pauly et al., 1998), large-bodied or slow-growing species, with late maturity tend to decline or go extinct more rapidly than those that are smaller (Cardillo, 2003; Layer et al., 2011; McKinney, 1997). This suggests that some life-h ...
Does dispersal influence intraspecific competition in a stream
... intra- versus interspecific interactions. Prior research has shown that spring salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, self-organize within streams by a common trait (body condition) and that dispersal and gene flow along streams vary with slope. Building on this prior work, we tested how dispersal ...
... intra- versus interspecific interactions. Prior research has shown that spring salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, self-organize within streams by a common trait (body condition) and that dispersal and gene flow along streams vary with slope. Building on this prior work, we tested how dispersal ...
Is science in danger of sanctifying the wolf?
... is also affecting the prey (Mech et al., 1971; Peterson and Allen, 1974; Mech and Karns, 1977; Hebblewhite et al., 2005; Hebblewhite, 2005) or when populations are small and isolated (Peterson et al., 1998; Klein, 1995; Garrott et al., 2009). 2.3.2. Indirect effects of wolves However, even if wolf p ...
... is also affecting the prey (Mech et al., 1971; Peterson and Allen, 1974; Mech and Karns, 1977; Hebblewhite et al., 2005; Hebblewhite, 2005) or when populations are small and isolated (Peterson et al., 1998; Klein, 1995; Garrott et al., 2009). 2.3.2. Indirect effects of wolves However, even if wolf p ...
Is science in danger of sanctifying the wolf?
... is also affecting the prey (Mech et al., 1971; Peterson and Allen, 1974; Mech and Karns, 1977; Hebblewhite et al., 2005; Hebblewhite, 2005) or when populations are small and isolated (Peterson et al., 1998; Klein, 1995; Garrott et al., 2009). 2.3.2. Indirect effects of wolves However, even if wolf p ...
... is also affecting the prey (Mech et al., 1971; Peterson and Allen, 1974; Mech and Karns, 1977; Hebblewhite et al., 2005; Hebblewhite, 2005) or when populations are small and isolated (Peterson et al., 1998; Klein, 1995; Garrott et al., 2009). 2.3.2. Indirect effects of wolves However, even if wolf p ...
Disruptive Selection in Natural Populations: The
... gradient, intraspecific competition should cause selection to favor individuals with extreme resource-use traits, because such individuals specialize on less common but underutilized resources on either end of the resource gradient (fig. 1). This process is driven by negative frequencydependent sele ...
... gradient, intraspecific competition should cause selection to favor individuals with extreme resource-use traits, because such individuals specialize on less common but underutilized resources on either end of the resource gradient (fig. 1). This process is driven by negative frequencydependent sele ...
scoring - Aqualife
... State of the art in the scientific knowldge Natural drivers (left) and stressors (right) in different organism groups illustrating knowledge gaps ...
... State of the art in the scientific knowldge Natural drivers (left) and stressors (right) in different organism groups illustrating knowledge gaps ...
Introduction. - Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
... drive population and community processes, either independently or in concert with focal plant genotypic variation. This work was originally published in Ecology Letters in 2012, and shows that neighbors had particularly strong effects on belowground biomass, while genotype by genotype (G x G) intera ...
... drive population and community processes, either independently or in concert with focal plant genotypic variation. This work was originally published in Ecology Letters in 2012, and shows that neighbors had particularly strong effects on belowground biomass, while genotype by genotype (G x G) intera ...
The Ecological Role of Sharks on Coral Reefs
... fisheries, similar declines have occurred in shark populations in coral reef regions throughout the world. In the late 1940s, sharks were ‘expected anywhere at anytime’ in the West Indian Caribbean [71]. By contrast, a contemporary analysis of the greater Caribbean 50 years later concluded that shark ...
... fisheries, similar declines have occurred in shark populations in coral reef regions throughout the world. In the late 1940s, sharks were ‘expected anywhere at anytime’ in the West Indian Caribbean [71]. By contrast, a contemporary analysis of the greater Caribbean 50 years later concluded that shark ...
2015_Celaya_et_al_Cuphea_HPollen_Ann Bot
... was randomly paired with a light and water availability treatment. Plants were assigned to two light conditions, high (1209 W m–2) and low (604 W m–2) solar radiation. These treatments were achieved by covering all plants, within a light treatment, with a greenhouse mesh that provided 20 or 70 % s ...
... was randomly paired with a light and water availability treatment. Plants were assigned to two light conditions, high (1209 W m–2) and low (604 W m–2) solar radiation. These treatments were achieved by covering all plants, within a light treatment, with a greenhouse mesh that provided 20 or 70 % s ...
Hominid-Carnivore Coevolution and Invasion
... Coevolution is defined as reciprocal selective pressures that operate to make the evolution of one taxon partially dependent on the evolution another. This process often involves multiple species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species ...
... Coevolution is defined as reciprocal selective pressures that operate to make the evolution of one taxon partially dependent on the evolution another. This process often involves multiple species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species ...
ENT--Entomology - University of Kentucky
... The objective of this course is to present the student with advanced concepts of applied entomology in a system-specific context. Each week, the insect problems associated with a different commodity/production system will be presented so as to illustrate a different broadly-based theme. Prereq: An i ...
... The objective of this course is to present the student with advanced concepts of applied entomology in a system-specific context. Each week, the insect problems associated with a different commodity/production system will be presented so as to illustrate a different broadly-based theme. Prereq: An i ...
Food choice by the introduced crayfish Procambarus clarkii
... Predicting the effects of invasive species demands detailed studies on intra and interspecific trophic interactions. To better understand the trophic role of Procambarus clarkii in rice fields, I quantified stomach contents and assessed temporal, ontogenetic and sexual trophic selection of macroinve ...
... Predicting the effects of invasive species demands detailed studies on intra and interspecific trophic interactions. To better understand the trophic role of Procambarus clarkii in rice fields, I quantified stomach contents and assessed temporal, ontogenetic and sexual trophic selection of macroinve ...
Density-dependent facilitation cascades determine
... Previous research on facilitation cascades has been based on presence/absence manipulations of the foundation species and/or their simulated impacts (Altieri et al. 2007). Effects of foundation species are, however, often density dependent (van Hulzen et al. 2007, Irving and Bertness 2009, Harley an ...
... Previous research on facilitation cascades has been based on presence/absence manipulations of the foundation species and/or their simulated impacts (Altieri et al. 2007). Effects of foundation species are, however, often density dependent (van Hulzen et al. 2007, Irving and Bertness 2009, Harley an ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.