Questions for Chapter 55 – Dynamics of Ecosystems
... could lead to greater species richness of lizards (Figure 57.20b). Could any of these ideas be tested? How? Answer—There are many ways to answer this question, but the obvious place to start is to think about the many ways plant structural diversity potentially affects animals that are not eating th ...
... could lead to greater species richness of lizards (Figure 57.20b). Could any of these ideas be tested? How? Answer—There are many ways to answer this question, but the obvious place to start is to think about the many ways plant structural diversity potentially affects animals that are not eating th ...
Strong ecological but weak evolutionary effects of elevated CO
... 2006)). Understanding how the CO2 environment affects evolutionary dynamics is necessary for a full understanding of the biological impacts of increasing CO2 concentrations, as well as for evaluating the robustness of ecological predictions. Several lines of evidence suggest that atmospheric CO2 con ...
... 2006)). Understanding how the CO2 environment affects evolutionary dynamics is necessary for a full understanding of the biological impacts of increasing CO2 concentrations, as well as for evaluating the robustness of ecological predictions. Several lines of evidence suggest that atmospheric CO2 con ...
Widespread mesopredator effects after wolf extirpation Biological
... much of their original distribution in North America was prairie and other open habitat (Parker, 1995). Accordingly, these landscape changes were conducive to coyote populations. Yet, wolves have been reported suppressing coyotes in areas both with forest harvesting (Stenlund, 1955; Berg and Chesnes ...
... much of their original distribution in North America was prairie and other open habitat (Parker, 1995). Accordingly, these landscape changes were conducive to coyote populations. Yet, wolves have been reported suppressing coyotes in areas both with forest harvesting (Stenlund, 1955; Berg and Chesnes ...
When predators go missing – rise of the herbivores
... interlink to become the food web which is the basis of much biodiversity. Top predators control populations of smaller mesopredators and herbivores, preventing them from monopolising or destroying resources needed by many species. Predator pressure stabilises ecosystems but can be prevented by human ...
... interlink to become the food web which is the basis of much biodiversity. Top predators control populations of smaller mesopredators and herbivores, preventing them from monopolising or destroying resources needed by many species. Predator pressure stabilises ecosystems but can be prevented by human ...
Studying the evolution of physiological performance
... The study of physiology has largely developed in almost complete independence from the study of evolution. The practitioners, goals and philosophical bases of the fields have been different (Mayr 1982) such that little communication exists between them (see Futuyma 1986; Feder 1987). Nevertheless, t ...
... The study of physiology has largely developed in almost complete independence from the study of evolution. The practitioners, goals and philosophical bases of the fields have been different (Mayr 1982) such that little communication exists between them (see Futuyma 1986; Feder 1987). Nevertheless, t ...
Adaptive Radiation: The Interaction of Ecological Opportunity
... “Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species has been taken and modified for different ends” (Darwin 1845: 380). Since Darwin’s time, naturalists and e ...
... “Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species has been taken and modified for different ends” (Darwin 1845: 380). Since Darwin’s time, naturalists and e ...
The Physiology of Life History Trade
... Definitions of key trade-off terms such as costs, constraints, and trade-off often vary among studies, which could lead to confusion (Antonovics & van Tienderen 1991). For example, in some cases trade-off is defined as the result of physiological or fitness costs (Leroi et al. 1994b, see below), whi ...
... Definitions of key trade-off terms such as costs, constraints, and trade-off often vary among studies, which could lead to confusion (Antonovics & van Tienderen 1991). For example, in some cases trade-off is defined as the result of physiological or fitness costs (Leroi et al. 1994b, see below), whi ...
national park service cave ecology inventory and monitoring
... address a variety of National Park Service (NPS) units containing cave resources. It was decided to divide into smaller groups to focus on cave paleontology, cave inventory, cave air quality, cave water quality, and cave ecology. This document is the product of the cave ecology group, which has com ...
... address a variety of National Park Service (NPS) units containing cave resources. It was decided to divide into smaller groups to focus on cave paleontology, cave inventory, cave air quality, cave water quality, and cave ecology. This document is the product of the cave ecology group, which has com ...
Freshwater ciliates as ecophysiological model organisms – lessons
... doubling the population number. In the former, the clutch size, i. e. the number of eggs in the brood chamber of the female Daphnia, may vary widely in response to the environmental conditions. The environmental impact on the clutch size was, for instance, investigated in seven alpine lakes in Portu ...
... doubling the population number. In the former, the clutch size, i. e. the number of eggs in the brood chamber of the female Daphnia, may vary widely in response to the environmental conditions. The environmental impact on the clutch size was, for instance, investigated in seven alpine lakes in Portu ...
Evolution of Delayed Reproduction in Uncertain
... A broad range of species delay the onset of first reproduction. In many plant species, seed dormancy considerably extends the period before reproduction, and in invertebrates, juvenile diapause and dauer states play similar roles. In most plant and animal species, gradual forms of developmental dela ...
... A broad range of species delay the onset of first reproduction. In many plant species, seed dormancy considerably extends the period before reproduction, and in invertebrates, juvenile diapause and dauer states play similar roles. In most plant and animal species, gradual forms of developmental dela ...
Rountree, R.A., and K.W. Able. 2007
... these taxa also reproduce in other habitats, with the exception of some species of fundulids, cyprinodontids and atherinids. It is interesting to note that so few species reproduce in marshes. Perhaps this rigorous environment, with its fluctuating tides, temperatures, salinities and dissolved oxyge ...
... these taxa also reproduce in other habitats, with the exception of some species of fundulids, cyprinodontids and atherinids. It is interesting to note that so few species reproduce in marshes. Perhaps this rigorous environment, with its fluctuating tides, temperatures, salinities and dissolved oxyge ...
Landscape-scale eco-evolutionary dynamics: Selection by seed
... evolutionary change on ecological processes (eco-evolutionary dynamics). Fewer studies have addressed whether eco-evolutionary dynamics structure natural ecosystems. We investigated variation in the frequency of serotiny in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), a widespread species in which postfire seedl ...
... evolutionary change on ecological processes (eco-evolutionary dynamics). Fewer studies have addressed whether eco-evolutionary dynamics structure natural ecosystems. We investigated variation in the frequency of serotiny in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), a widespread species in which postfire seedl ...
[FSH] 1909.12 - USDA Forest Service
... official shall identify and evaluate existing information relevant to the plan area for the following: (1) Terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, and watersheds; (2) Air, soil, and water resources and quality; (3) System drivers, including dominant ecological processes, disturbance regimes, and ...
... official shall identify and evaluate existing information relevant to the plan area for the following: (1) Terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, and watersheds; (2) Air, soil, and water resources and quality; (3) System drivers, including dominant ecological processes, disturbance regimes, and ...
Seamounts Report Vol 2
... first one, which took place in 2009 aboard the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen as part of the EAF-Nansen project, studied the pelagic fauna (in the water column) associated with seamounts, while the second expedition, aboard the RRS James Cook (funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, NERC) in 201 ...
... first one, which took place in 2009 aboard the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen as part of the EAF-Nansen project, studied the pelagic fauna (in the water column) associated with seamounts, while the second expedition, aboard the RRS James Cook (funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, NERC) in 201 ...
Johnson et al. 2010 eating parasites
... primates [17–19] and among birds [20]. Although intraspecific grooming has often been co-opted for social functions such as alliance formation, particularly in primates [19], it remains an effective method of ectoparasite control [21]. Interspecific grooming can also be an important form of predatio ...
... primates [17–19] and among birds [20]. Although intraspecific grooming has often been co-opted for social functions such as alliance formation, particularly in primates [19], it remains an effective method of ectoparasite control [21]. Interspecific grooming can also be an important form of predatio ...
When parasites become prey - University of Colorado Boulder
... primates [17–19] and among birds [20]. Although intraspecific grooming has often been co-opted for social functions such as alliance formation, particularly in primates [19], it remains an effective method of ectoparasite control [21]. Interspecific grooming can also be an important form of predatio ...
... primates [17–19] and among birds [20]. Although intraspecific grooming has often been co-opted for social functions such as alliance formation, particularly in primates [19], it remains an effective method of ectoparasite control [21]. Interspecific grooming can also be an important form of predatio ...
2015 Program - Western Society of Naturalists
... Have you ever wondered where you fit into the policy process? Understanding the link between science and policy is not taught as part of our formal education process, despite the growing marine environmental challenges that policy makers and scientists both face. Come join us for a workshop that pro ...
... Have you ever wondered where you fit into the policy process? Understanding the link between science and policy is not taught as part of our formal education process, despite the growing marine environmental challenges that policy makers and scientists both face. Come join us for a workshop that pro ...
The role of selection within plant communities for ecosystem
... conditions that determine the range of a species and its abundance within that range (Pidwirny 2006). In the absence of competition from other species a target species could potentially use a large range of resources and accept a range of abiotic conditions, the fundamental niche. In the context of ...
... conditions that determine the range of a species and its abundance within that range (Pidwirny 2006). In the absence of competition from other species a target species could potentially use a large range of resources and accept a range of abiotic conditions, the fundamental niche. In the context of ...
scale-dependent responses of plant biodiversity to nitrogen
... where a represents the number of species that both plots have in common, b is the number of species that are unique to one plot, and c is the number of species that are unique to the second plot. bjacc approximates b diversity as conceptualized by Whittaker (1972) and Lande (1996) as both incorporat ...
... where a represents the number of species that both plots have in common, b is the number of species that are unique to one plot, and c is the number of species that are unique to the second plot. bjacc approximates b diversity as conceptualized by Whittaker (1972) and Lande (1996) as both incorporat ...
landscape connectivity: a return to the basics
... Heterogeneity and asymmetrical landscape connectivity In assessing the functional connectivity of a landscape, one needs to keep in mind that regions that facilitate movement need not be discrete features of the landscape such as habitat corridors, but may occur where the juxtaposition of particular ...
... Heterogeneity and asymmetrical landscape connectivity In assessing the functional connectivity of a landscape, one needs to keep in mind that regions that facilitate movement need not be discrete features of the landscape such as habitat corridors, but may occur where the juxtaposition of particular ...
A synthesis of the outcomes from the Strait of Georgia Ecosystem
... understanding of how the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem ‘works’, the drivers of change acting on the Strait and how some of these may influence the Strait in the mid-future; Several ecosystem-related science-based tools (assessments and models) were developed to describe ecosystem processes. T ...
... understanding of how the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem ‘works’, the drivers of change acting on the Strait and how some of these may influence the Strait in the mid-future; Several ecosystem-related science-based tools (assessments and models) were developed to describe ecosystem processes. T ...
Community structure and organization of tidepools
... processes regulating the structure of tidepool communities for comparison with emergent substrata. The physical environment of tidepools is highly regulated by the hdal cycle, although fluctuations in physical factors are smaller in tidepools, and the organisms remain submerged for the entire tidal ...
... processes regulating the structure of tidepool communities for comparison with emergent substrata. The physical environment of tidepools is highly regulated by the hdal cycle, although fluctuations in physical factors are smaller in tidepools, and the organisms remain submerged for the entire tidal ...
Niche construction in evolutionary theory: the construction
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 19, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/109793. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 19, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/109793. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
Vocabulary Definitions
... controlled experiment an experiment in which the observer is able to standardize all but one variable to measure results (SRB, IG) cultural in the context of ecosystem services, benefits of an ecosystem such as recreation and tourism (SRB, IG) decomposer an organism that consumes parts of dead orga ...
... controlled experiment an experiment in which the observer is able to standardize all but one variable to measure results (SRB, IG) cultural in the context of ecosystem services, benefits of an ecosystem such as recreation and tourism (SRB, IG) decomposer an organism that consumes parts of dead orga ...
Environmental Impact Assessment for Socio
... reduction or risk elimination. An example of risk control is the setting of environmental quality standards, typically as maximum concentrations in environmental compartments. To understand the risks/hazards posed by chemicals and their use, the EU REACH legislation has required that the uses and en ...
... reduction or risk elimination. An example of risk control is the setting of environmental quality standards, typically as maximum concentrations in environmental compartments. To understand the risks/hazards posed by chemicals and their use, the EU REACH legislation has required that the uses and en ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.