SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS∗ Andrew
... processes, three mechanisms may cause synchrony: (a) dispersal among populations; (b) synchronous stochastic effects, often referred to as the “Moran effect”; and (c) trophic interactions with other species that are themselves either synchronized or mobile. As in many other ecological problems, link ...
... processes, three mechanisms may cause synchrony: (a) dispersal among populations; (b) synchronous stochastic effects, often referred to as the “Moran effect”; and (c) trophic interactions with other species that are themselves either synchronized or mobile. As in many other ecological problems, link ...
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS ∗ Andrew
... processes, three mechanisms may cause synchrony: (a) dispersal among populations; (b) synchronous stochastic effects, often referred to as the “Moran effect”; and (c) trophic interactions with other species that are themselves either synchronized or mobile. As in many other ecological problems, link ...
... processes, three mechanisms may cause synchrony: (a) dispersal among populations; (b) synchronous stochastic effects, often referred to as the “Moran effect”; and (c) trophic interactions with other species that are themselves either synchronized or mobile. As in many other ecological problems, link ...
Parasites Affect Food Web Structure Primarily through Increased
... neglected parasites. Parasites comprise a significant part of the earth’s biodiversity [21], can achieve substantial biomass in some ecosystems [22], can have similar abundance and productivity to free-living species of comparable body size and trophic level [23], and likely extend the generality of ...
... neglected parasites. Parasites comprise a significant part of the earth’s biodiversity [21], can achieve substantial biomass in some ecosystems [22], can have similar abundance and productivity to free-living species of comparable body size and trophic level [23], and likely extend the generality of ...
Influence of nymphal Anax imperator (Odonata
... particularly laboratory studies, have assessed the impact of Anax species on particular prey species (BloisHeulin 1990, Werner and McPeek 1994). Numerous studies have shown that anuran tadpoles can chemically detect the presence of Anax junius nymphs and respond by altering their behavior (Skelly an ...
... particularly laboratory studies, have assessed the impact of Anax species on particular prey species (BloisHeulin 1990, Werner and McPeek 1994). Numerous studies have shown that anuran tadpoles can chemically detect the presence of Anax junius nymphs and respond by altering their behavior (Skelly an ...
Opens external link in new window
... This review is a product of the Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership. The initial objective of this review was to provide the members LEAP Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on biodiversity with a common ground of knowledge on the main biodiversity indicators and assessm ...
... This review is a product of the Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership. The initial objective of this review was to provide the members LEAP Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on biodiversity with a common ground of knowledge on the main biodiversity indicators and assessm ...
Aquatic Insect Ecology
... horizontal (bank to bank) and longitudinal (source to estuary) gradients in temperature. Low- to mid-order streams also may exhibit pronounced diel temperature fluctuations, especially on sunny days. Shallow unshaded wetlands also exhibit large diel temperature fluctuations, ranging from subfreezing ...
... horizontal (bank to bank) and longitudinal (source to estuary) gradients in temperature. Low- to mid-order streams also may exhibit pronounced diel temperature fluctuations, especially on sunny days. Shallow unshaded wetlands also exhibit large diel temperature fluctuations, ranging from subfreezing ...
To Build an Ecosystem
... Our ignorance about ecosystem function is compounded by the fact that humans are impacting natural ecosystems to an unprecedented degree. § Ecologists use “microcosms” and “mesocosms” to test the effects of specific variables on the dynamics of simple ecosystems. This approach can be used to test h ...
... Our ignorance about ecosystem function is compounded by the fact that humans are impacting natural ecosystems to an unprecedented degree. § Ecologists use “microcosms” and “mesocosms” to test the effects of specific variables on the dynamics of simple ecosystems. This approach can be used to test h ...
Annotated Bibliography on Ecological Intensification
... inputs, such practices may deplete natural resources and impair the ability of agroecosystems to sustain production into the future. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2011a) along with numerous recent reviews (The Royal Society 2009; Clay 2011; Foley et al. 2 ...
... inputs, such practices may deplete natural resources and impair the ability of agroecosystems to sustain production into the future. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2011a) along with numerous recent reviews (The Royal Society 2009; Clay 2011; Foley et al. 2 ...
Experimental demonstration of a trophic cascade in the Gal#_#
... predators have important indirect effects on species lower in the food web by means of their density (Density Mediated Indirect Interactions DMII), behavior (Behaviorally Mediated Indirect Interactions, BMII), and diversity [4–8]. The complexity of tropical and sub-tropical food webs, which includes ...
... predators have important indirect effects on species lower in the food web by means of their density (Density Mediated Indirect Interactions DMII), behavior (Behaviorally Mediated Indirect Interactions, BMII), and diversity [4–8]. The complexity of tropical and sub-tropical food webs, which includes ...
Density dependence and population regulation in marine fish: a
... when above a certain size and increases when below a certain size (Murdoch 1994, Turchin 1995). In a regulated population, at least one per capita (proportional) demographic rate is directly density-dependent (e.g., the birth rate decreasing or the death rate increasing as density increases). The tw ...
... when above a certain size and increases when below a certain size (Murdoch 1994, Turchin 1995). In a regulated population, at least one per capita (proportional) demographic rate is directly density-dependent (e.g., the birth rate decreasing or the death rate increasing as density increases). The tw ...
Space, sympatry and speciation
... speciation to be rare, as well as making it nearly impossible to demonstrate in nature. Yet some authors have recently favoured the m = 0.5 criterion of sympatry when discussing speciation in nature (e.g. Coyne & Orr, 2004), and for this reason alone it is not surprising that they regard sympatric s ...
... speciation to be rare, as well as making it nearly impossible to demonstrate in nature. Yet some authors have recently favoured the m = 0.5 criterion of sympatry when discussing speciation in nature (e.g. Coyne & Orr, 2004), and for this reason alone it is not surprising that they regard sympatric s ...
Kelp Forests in California
... (MC and DM). We hope that this paper provides the reader with up-to-date and interesting perspectives on a few aspects of kelp forest ecology that have been shaped by the use of scuba. ...
... (MC and DM). We hope that this paper provides the reader with up-to-date and interesting perspectives on a few aspects of kelp forest ecology that have been shaped by the use of scuba. ...
Maternal effects and evolution at ecological time
... time. Moreover, the above scenario considers a single offspring trait affected by a single maternal trait, whereas in reality suites of correlated traits are likely to be involved, necessitating yet more complex multivariate representations. It also only concerns quantitative (i.e. continuous) trait ...
... time. Moreover, the above scenario considers a single offspring trait affected by a single maternal trait, whereas in reality suites of correlated traits are likely to be involved, necessitating yet more complex multivariate representations. It also only concerns quantitative (i.e. continuous) trait ...
Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... dung beetles are broad generalists capable of feeding on dung from multiple species, others display an intermediate degree of preference for a particular species or species groups, and relatively few are highly specialized on the dung of a single species (Cambefort 1991, Larsen et al. 2006). Howeve ...
... dung beetles are broad generalists capable of feeding on dung from multiple species, others display an intermediate degree of preference for a particular species or species groups, and relatively few are highly specialized on the dung of a single species (Cambefort 1991, Larsen et al. 2006). Howeve ...
Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... dung beetles are broad generalists capable of feeding on dung from multiple species, others display an intermediate degree of preference for a particular species or species groups, and relatively few are highly specialized on the dung of a single species (Cambefort 1991, Larsen et al. 2006). Howeve ...
... dung beetles are broad generalists capable of feeding on dung from multiple species, others display an intermediate degree of preference for a particular species or species groups, and relatively few are highly specialized on the dung of a single species (Cambefort 1991, Larsen et al. 2006). Howeve ...
the biology of speciation
... processes. Furthermore, because selection can impart reproductive isolation both directly through traits under selection and indirectly through pleiotropy and linkage, it is much more effective in producing isolation than genetic drift. We thus argue that natural selection is a ubiquitous part of sp ...
... processes. Furthermore, because selection can impart reproductive isolation both directly through traits under selection and indirectly through pleiotropy and linkage, it is much more effective in producing isolation than genetic drift. We thus argue that natural selection is a ubiquitous part of sp ...
Species interactions in a changing environment: elevated CO evolutionary consequences of competition
... et al., 2005; Dybzinski and Tilman, 2007). It is plausible that these ecological patterns have evolutionary analogues: that selection is stronger when plants compete with similar competitors and that resource availability affects the intensity of selection on size and other traits that mediate compe ...
... et al., 2005; Dybzinski and Tilman, 2007). It is plausible that these ecological patterns have evolutionary analogues: that selection is stronger when plants compete with similar competitors and that resource availability affects the intensity of selection on size and other traits that mediate compe ...
Syllabus
... BIO.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of and throughout a cell o BIO.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and or protective barrier for a cell o BIO.4.1.2 Compare the mechanism ...
... BIO.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of and throughout a cell o BIO.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and or protective barrier for a cell o BIO.4.1.2 Compare the mechanism ...
Litter feedbacks, evolutionary change and exotic plant invasion Maarten B. Eppinga
... expansion of exotic plants (Pimentel 2002). The design of successful control strategies, in turn, requires a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive exotic plant invasions (Levine et al. 2003). For example, plant invasions that are driven by a positive feedback mechanism may n ...
... expansion of exotic plants (Pimentel 2002). The design of successful control strategies, in turn, requires a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive exotic plant invasions (Levine et al. 2003). For example, plant invasions that are driven by a positive feedback mechanism may n ...
aquatic and terrestrial habitat selection by - ETH E
... strongly dependent on resources. To graphically explore the interactive effects of habitat type, prey density, and temperature we predicted habitat selection using the best selected model. We found that home-range placement did not depend on resource availability, which was puzzling as the terrestri ...
... strongly dependent on resources. To graphically explore the interactive effects of habitat type, prey density, and temperature we predicted habitat selection using the best selected model. We found that home-range placement did not depend on resource availability, which was puzzling as the terrestri ...
Abstract book of the 12th European Ecological Federation
... S.11 - Impacts of global environmental change on the structure and functioning of dryland ecosystems. Fernando T. Maestre, (Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain). Roberto Salguero-Gómez, (University of Pennsylvania, ...
... S.11 - Impacts of global environmental change on the structure and functioning of dryland ecosystems. Fernando T. Maestre, (Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain). Roberto Salguero-Gómez, (University of Pennsylvania, ...
Individual Variation Decreases Interference Competition but
... can alter the structure and dynamics of the food webs in which these organisms are embedded (Tinker et al., 2012). Individual variation also can affect the strength of consumer–resource interactions by changing the parameters of the functional response connecting species pairs (Bolnick et al., 2011; ...
... can alter the structure and dynamics of the food webs in which these organisms are embedded (Tinker et al., 2012). Individual variation also can affect the strength of consumer–resource interactions by changing the parameters of the functional response connecting species pairs (Bolnick et al., 2011; ...
Partial migration in fishes: causes and consequences
... 2006). These differences in size can give clues to the drivers of partial migration, although in some cases they are difficult to interpret as multiple hypotheses can explain why differences in size occur. One example of body size differences between different contingents is in partially anadromous ...
... 2006). These differences in size can give clues to the drivers of partial migration, although in some cases they are difficult to interpret as multiple hypotheses can explain why differences in size occur. One example of body size differences between different contingents is in partially anadromous ...
Response Diversity Can Increase Ecological Resilience to
... disturbance. The resilience of such ecosystems depends on multiple ecosystem characteristics, including heterogeneity, redundancy, modularity, and feedback loops (Levin and Lubchenco 2008; Bernhardt and Leslie 2013). While the effect of diversity on some aspects of ecosystem stability has been exten ...
... disturbance. The resilience of such ecosystems depends on multiple ecosystem characteristics, including heterogeneity, redundancy, modularity, and feedback loops (Levin and Lubchenco 2008; Bernhardt and Leslie 2013). While the effect of diversity on some aspects of ecosystem stability has been exten ...
A synthetic review of feedbacks and drivers of shrub encroachment
... unclear how their relative importance may change under different environmental conditions. Moreover, the possible existence of different limiting factors for grasses and shrubs adds complexity to the way environmental conditions determine the competitive advantage of one life form over the other. Th ...
... unclear how their relative importance may change under different environmental conditions. Moreover, the possible existence of different limiting factors for grasses and shrubs adds complexity to the way environmental conditions determine the competitive advantage of one life form over the other. Th ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.