Aligning molecular studies of mycorrhizal fungal diversity
... Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occur in the roots of most plants and are an ecologically important component of the soil microbiome. Richness of AMF taxa is a strong driver of plant diversity and productivity, thus providing a rationale for characterizing AMF diversity in natural ecosystems. Con ...
... Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occur in the roots of most plants and are an ecologically important component of the soil microbiome. Richness of AMF taxa is a strong driver of plant diversity and productivity, thus providing a rationale for characterizing AMF diversity in natural ecosystems. Con ...
Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first - UP FAMNIT e
... The 1995/1996 reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) into Yellowstone National Park after a 70 year absence has allowed for studies of tri-trophic cascades involving wolves, elk (Cervus elaphus), and plant species such as aspen (Populus tremuloides), cottonwoods (Populus spp.), and willows (Sal ...
... The 1995/1996 reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) into Yellowstone National Park after a 70 year absence has allowed for studies of tri-trophic cascades involving wolves, elk (Cervus elaphus), and plant species such as aspen (Populus tremuloides), cottonwoods (Populus spp.), and willows (Sal ...
Ecology and Evolution of Poeciliid Fishes
... this concept has not been widely applied within Poeciliidae (but see box 12.1). 12.2.2 Poeciliid conservation status The conservation status of poeciliid species is best known for populations in the United States; thus, knowledge of the threats faced by poeciliids is based largely on studies conduct ...
... this concept has not been widely applied within Poeciliidae (but see box 12.1). 12.2.2 Poeciliid conservation status The conservation status of poeciliid species is best known for populations in the United States; thus, knowledge of the threats faced by poeciliids is based largely on studies conduct ...
Plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insects: mechanisms
... and Strong 1981, Lawton 1982, Lawton and Hassell 1984, Strong et al. 1984). Two lines of criticism led to its downfall. The first had its roots in a theoretical paper by Hairston et al. (1960) who argued that because defoliation was infrequent, food must be rarely limiting for herbivores, and that n ...
... and Strong 1981, Lawton 1982, Lawton and Hassell 1984, Strong et al. 1984). Two lines of criticism led to its downfall. The first had its roots in a theoretical paper by Hairston et al. (1960) who argued that because defoliation was infrequent, food must be rarely limiting for herbivores, and that n ...
Ant-mediated seed dispersal - Scholar Press
... as effective dispersers and dominate seed removal worldwide, such as Australia (GOVE & al. 2007, LUBERTAZZI & al. 2010, MAJER & al. 2011), North America (GILADI 2006, NESS & MORIN 2008, ZELIKOVA & al. 2008, NESS & al. 2009, WARREN & al. 2010), South America (YOUNGSTEADT & al. 2009, ARANDA-RICKERT & ...
... as effective dispersers and dominate seed removal worldwide, such as Australia (GOVE & al. 2007, LUBERTAZZI & al. 2010, MAJER & al. 2011), North America (GILADI 2006, NESS & MORIN 2008, ZELIKOVA & al. 2008, NESS & al. 2009, WARREN & al. 2010), South America (YOUNGSTEADT & al. 2009, ARANDA-RICKERT & ...
The Ecosystem Role of Fishes in Lotic Environments
... during sample years (2011, 2012), relative to the 30-year median value between 1981 and 2010 .......................................................................................148 ...
... during sample years (2011, 2012), relative to the 30-year median value between 1981 and 2010 .......................................................................................148 ...
Direct and indirect consequences of dominant plants in arid
... series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of this project was to determine these direct and indirect consequences of dominant plant-plant facilitation in a collection of field sites along the coastal Atacama Desert. ...
... series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of this project was to determine these direct and indirect consequences of dominant plant-plant facilitation in a collection of field sites along the coastal Atacama Desert. ...
Individual phenotypic variation reduces interaction strengths in a
... Second, if individual variation affects interaction strengths, it can potentially affect population dynamics through the latter. So, would individual variation affect species persistence in a consumer–resource interaction? And, would individual variation affect the stability of consumer–resource int ...
... Second, if individual variation affects interaction strengths, it can potentially affect population dynamics through the latter. So, would individual variation affect species persistence in a consumer–resource interaction? And, would individual variation affect the stability of consumer–resource int ...
Weed Ecology in Natural and Agricultural Systems
... a weed is difficult to quantify because it depends on our personal biases. • Definitions and classifications in ecology are often arbitrary and made for purely practical reasons. They do not necessarily reflect any innate structure of nature. • Ecology can be studied at a variety of levels. In this ...
... a weed is difficult to quantify because it depends on our personal biases. • Definitions and classifications in ecology are often arbitrary and made for purely practical reasons. They do not necessarily reflect any innate structure of nature. • Ecology can be studied at a variety of levels. In this ...
Direct and Indirect Effects of Wolves on Interior
... Large carnivores may indirectly benefit small predators by suppressing competitively dominant mesopredators. However, our current understanding of interactions within the carnivore guild does not account for carrion subsidies provided by large carnivores, which could facilitate mesopredators during ...
... Large carnivores may indirectly benefit small predators by suppressing competitively dominant mesopredators. However, our current understanding of interactions within the carnivore guild does not account for carrion subsidies provided by large carnivores, which could facilitate mesopredators during ...
Inertia: the discrepancy between individual and common good in
... meaning of the word ‘ideal’. It refers to the best possible population performance among all movement rules of individuals that are considered feasible for the study organism. Defining ‘ideal’ population performance, however, raises the obvious question of how this should be measured. While there is ...
... meaning of the word ‘ideal’. It refers to the best possible population performance among all movement rules of individuals that are considered feasible for the study organism. Defining ‘ideal’ population performance, however, raises the obvious question of how this should be measured. While there is ...
Review of nekton patterns and ecological processes
... The majority of taxa (85%, or 126 out of 149) showed no effect with distance from the edge of a patch (Table 1). Patterns varied among taxa that showed a significant relationship with distance from edge; 4 fish taxa were more abundant away from the edge but none were more abundant near the edge; for ...
... The majority of taxa (85%, or 126 out of 149) showed no effect with distance from the edge of a patch (Table 1). Patterns varied among taxa that showed a significant relationship with distance from edge; 4 fish taxa were more abundant away from the edge but none were more abundant near the edge; for ...
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339:65
... nearly an order of magnitude. T. testudinum shoot density and belowground biomass were not affected by herbivory, but aboveground biomass and leaf surface area were higher within cages, suggesting that although herbivory influenced both seagrass species, T. testudinum was more resistant to herbivory ...
... nearly an order of magnitude. T. testudinum shoot density and belowground biomass were not affected by herbivory, but aboveground biomass and leaf surface area were higher within cages, suggesting that although herbivory influenced both seagrass species, T. testudinum was more resistant to herbivory ...
The Role of Zooplankton in Global Ecosystem Dynamics
... conducted and the testing of hypotheses that are otherwise too expensive or too difficult to explore in situ. Presentations showed that small-scale turbulence affects a range of zooplankters and processes. There are bottom-up effects that should increase the net production of the system as well as top-d ...
... conducted and the testing of hypotheses that are otherwise too expensive or too difficult to explore in situ. Presentations showed that small-scale turbulence affects a range of zooplankters and processes. There are bottom-up effects that should increase the net production of the system as well as top-d ...
Below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities: the effect of small scale
... community concept can be further broken down to include a particular subset of individuals, such as only the ECM fungi. In order to assess the population structure of the community we need a method of defining the abundances of the individuals (measured at the interspecific or intraspecific level; s ...
... community concept can be further broken down to include a particular subset of individuals, such as only the ECM fungi. In order to assess the population structure of the community we need a method of defining the abundances of the individuals (measured at the interspecific or intraspecific level; s ...
Marine chemical ecology: what`s known and what`s next?
... characteristics or from the physical and biological environment in which organisms interact with their natural enemies. This mandates that marine chemical ecology be better integrated into a broader and more complex framework that includes aspects of physiological, population, community, and even ec ...
... characteristics or from the physical and biological environment in which organisms interact with their natural enemies. This mandates that marine chemical ecology be better integrated into a broader and more complex framework that includes aspects of physiological, population, community, and even ec ...
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Small Streams
... 1. Chadwick MA and Huryn AD (2005) Response of stream macroinvertebrate production to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and channel drying. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 228–236. 2. Gaines WL, Cushing CE, and Smith SD (1992) Secondary production estimates of benthic insects in three cold desert strea ...
... 1. Chadwick MA and Huryn AD (2005) Response of stream macroinvertebrate production to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and channel drying. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 228–236. 2. Gaines WL, Cushing CE, and Smith SD (1992) Secondary production estimates of benthic insects in three cold desert strea ...
UC Courses - UC Natural Reserve System
... Instructional Use of NRS Reserves in the Context of National Goals for Environmental Research and Education Since its creation by the Regents in 1965 at the request of University President Clark Kerr, the NRS has enabled the teaching of a broad range of undergraduate courses through the establishmen ...
... Instructional Use of NRS Reserves in the Context of National Goals for Environmental Research and Education Since its creation by the Regents in 1965 at the request of University President Clark Kerr, the NRS has enabled the teaching of a broad range of undergraduate courses through the establishmen ...
COMPETITOR-INDUCED PLASTICITY IN TADPOLES
... that natural selection caused the current level of plasticity, but it does support the hypothesis that natural selection is currently maintaining the existing plasticity (Van Buskirk and Relyea 1998). For adaptive plasticity to evolve, there also must be reliable cues that indicate the current state ...
... that natural selection caused the current level of plasticity, but it does support the hypothesis that natural selection is currently maintaining the existing plasticity (Van Buskirk and Relyea 1998). For adaptive plasticity to evolve, there also must be reliable cues that indicate the current state ...
When natural habitat fails to enhance biological pest control
... Natural habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial and temporal scales, not just the amount of natural habitat, is a major determinant of biodiversity in agriculture (Benton et al., 2003; Schellhorn et al., 2015; but see Batáry et al., 2011). Heterogeneous landscapes with a diversity of, often interm ...
... Natural habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial and temporal scales, not just the amount of natural habitat, is a major determinant of biodiversity in agriculture (Benton et al., 2003; Schellhorn et al., 2015; but see Batáry et al., 2011). Heterogeneous landscapes with a diversity of, often interm ...
Biome and Ecology Project
... 2) INTRODUCTION TO BIOME---A written description (paragraph) must be done on the biome that includes the biotic and abiotic features this serves as an introduction about your biome. Explain what type of soil is found here. Make sure to include the following: City, State or Country Tell about these c ...
... 2) INTRODUCTION TO BIOME---A written description (paragraph) must be done on the biome that includes the biotic and abiotic features this serves as an introduction about your biome. Explain what type of soil is found here. Make sure to include the following: City, State or Country Tell about these c ...
C:\RZ\LIS Food Webs\LIS FOOD WEBS FINAL REPORT\Zajac et al
... from simple to extremely complex. For example, Figure 1A shows a very simplified food chain, with phytoplankton at the base of the food chain, or at the first trophic level, and successive levels of consumers leading to the highest trophic level, humans. However, ecosystems are rarely comprised of ...
... from simple to extremely complex. For example, Figure 1A shows a very simplified food chain, with phytoplankton at the base of the food chain, or at the first trophic level, and successive levels of consumers leading to the highest trophic level, humans. However, ecosystems are rarely comprised of ...
natural Systems - International Wolf Center
... This is called dispersal. Scientists think they may be searching for a mate or better access to food. Sometimes a young wolf will wander as many as 500 miles or more from home and then return to the pack. In other cases, a wolf may “disperse,” or leave the pack, and never return. A dispersing wolf f ...
... This is called dispersal. Scientists think they may be searching for a mate or better access to food. Sometimes a young wolf will wander as many as 500 miles or more from home and then return to the pack. In other cases, a wolf may “disperse,” or leave the pack, and never return. A dispersing wolf f ...
Moose Population Density and Habitat Productivity as Drivers of
... organisins, but recent research has revealed that indirect interactions can be even more important (Jones er al. 1994; Hobbs 1996). Ungulates have traditionally been viewed as consumers of plants and prey for predators (Hobbs 1996). Less known is their role as important agents of changes in the envi ...
... organisins, but recent research has revealed that indirect interactions can be even more important (Jones er al. 1994; Hobbs 1996). Ungulates have traditionally been viewed as consumers of plants and prey for predators (Hobbs 1996). Less known is their role as important agents of changes in the envi ...
The ecological, economic and public health impacts of nuisance
... also in the water. The pupae swim to the surface and emerge as adults to begin their terrestrial and aerial phases of life where they often create nuisance swarms when mating occurs. For many chironomid species, the adult phase of life is short and therefore, synchronized emergence is an effective m ...
... also in the water. The pupae swim to the surface and emerge as adults to begin their terrestrial and aerial phases of life where they often create nuisance swarms when mating occurs. For many chironomid species, the adult phase of life is short and therefore, synchronized emergence is an effective m ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.