Prairie Ecosystem Management - Alberta Prairie Conservation Forum
... Adams during a plenary session on the first day of the PCES workshop. Over 400 copies of the Draft Discussion Document were distributed in registration packages to workshop participants. A questionnaire regarding the contents of the document was attached. Following the plenary presentation, particip ...
... Adams during a plenary session on the first day of the PCES workshop. Over 400 copies of the Draft Discussion Document were distributed in registration packages to workshop participants. A questionnaire regarding the contents of the document was attached. Following the plenary presentation, particip ...
eports - Semantic Scholar
... the immediate vicinity of D. lapponica individuals (within 15 cm) ranges from less than 2 cm to the maximum recorded at the site throughout the flowering season. The study population is pollinated by worker bees of the species Bombus pascuorum and B. lucorum, and fruit production and fruit mass are s ...
... the immediate vicinity of D. lapponica individuals (within 15 cm) ranges from less than 2 cm to the maximum recorded at the site throughout the flowering season. The study population is pollinated by worker bees of the species Bombus pascuorum and B. lucorum, and fruit production and fruit mass are s ...
Interactions between mesofauna and microorganisms
... side with trees to ensure its build-up and stability ...
... side with trees to ensure its build-up and stability ...
University of Groningen Production by intertidal benthic
... were examined to see whether the relation was direct or worked via one or more other processes, Yet, aimlng at being comprehensive made this model more complicated than might be necessary for any given situation where only part of the causal processes (mechanisms) play a role. Therefore, for most sp ...
... were examined to see whether the relation was direct or worked via one or more other processes, Yet, aimlng at being comprehensive made this model more complicated than might be necessary for any given situation where only part of the causal processes (mechanisms) play a role. Therefore, for most sp ...
Phenotypic Plasticity - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
... Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism, a single genotype, to exhibit different phenotypes in different environments (Fig. 4.1A). Such plasticity is nearly ubiquitous in nature and occurs in various animal and plant phenotypes, including behavior, physiology, and morphology. Phenotypic ...
... Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism, a single genotype, to exhibit different phenotypes in different environments (Fig. 4.1A). Such plasticity is nearly ubiquitous in nature and occurs in various animal and plant phenotypes, including behavior, physiology, and morphology. Phenotypic ...
Questions and answers about food webs
... A food web is an assemblage of organisms that eat and are eaten by each other. Food webs are usually described within the boundaries of a particular location (e.g. a pond, an island, a meadow). A geographical boundary keeps the scope of the food web manageable; otherwise, the food web would have to ...
... A food web is an assemblage of organisms that eat and are eaten by each other. Food webs are usually described within the boundaries of a particular location (e.g. a pond, an island, a meadow). A geographical boundary keeps the scope of the food web manageable; otherwise, the food web would have to ...
Fitness - IIASA PURE
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Chapter 7 - Ecology, Social Behavior, and Conservation in Zebras
... mating (Jarman, 1974). In general, the absolute patterning of key resources in relation to the actions of other individuals influences the costs and benefits of alternative actions that affect survival and fecundity. Those tactics maximizing the difference between benefits and costs, maximize reprod ...
... mating (Jarman, 1974). In general, the absolute patterning of key resources in relation to the actions of other individuals influences the costs and benefits of alternative actions that affect survival and fecundity. Those tactics maximizing the difference between benefits and costs, maximize reprod ...
Global Biodiversity Outlook 3
... human well-being. The provision of food, fibre, medicines and fresh water, pollination of crops, filtration of pollutants, and protection from natural disasters are among those ecosystem services potentially threatened by declines and changes in biodiversity. Cultural services such as spiritual and ...
... human well-being. The provision of food, fibre, medicines and fresh water, pollination of crops, filtration of pollutants, and protection from natural disasters are among those ecosystem services potentially threatened by declines and changes in biodiversity. Cultural services such as spiritual and ...
Analyzing spatial patterns linked to the ecology of herbivores and
... some of the ways they were integrated to study soil food webs in Florida citrus orchards with the goal of developing new biocontrol approaches. Keywords: PCR-based molecular methods, soil food webs, herbivore-induced plant volatiles, SADIE analysis, biological control ...
... some of the ways they were integrated to study soil food webs in Florida citrus orchards with the goal of developing new biocontrol approaches. Keywords: PCR-based molecular methods, soil food webs, herbivore-induced plant volatiles, SADIE analysis, biological control ...
The Network Structure of Food Webs
... excluding intraspecific interactions, and thus is sometimes referred to as interactive connectance. However, if cycles do occur in food webs, C = L/[S(S − 1)/2] exaggerates connectance, since cycling links are counted in the numerator but are excluded from the denominator. This can be avoided by calc ...
... excluding intraspecific interactions, and thus is sometimes referred to as interactive connectance. However, if cycles do occur in food webs, C = L/[S(S − 1)/2] exaggerates connectance, since cycling links are counted in the numerator but are excluded from the denominator. This can be avoided by calc ...
Linking modern coexistence theory and contemporary niche theory
... review their main concepts and explore their theoretical and empirical relationship, focusing on how the resource supply ratio, impact niche, and requirement niche of contemporary niche theory translate into the stabilizing and equalizing processes of modern coexistence theory. We show, for a genera ...
... review their main concepts and explore their theoretical and empirical relationship, focusing on how the resource supply ratio, impact niche, and requirement niche of contemporary niche theory translate into the stabilizing and equalizing processes of modern coexistence theory. We show, for a genera ...
Considerations for Identification of Effective Area
... In order to provide consistent and relevant reporting on national and global biodiversity targets, it is essential to have a common understanding of what to include when calculating the performance indicators, in this case, the percentage of areas meeting the standards for reporting under CBD Target ...
... In order to provide consistent and relevant reporting on national and global biodiversity targets, it is essential to have a common understanding of what to include when calculating the performance indicators, in this case, the percentage of areas meeting the standards for reporting under CBD Target ...
The Mutualistic Niche
... limiting essential resources, the R∗ expected at equilibrium can be used to draw an isocline of zero net population growth within a state space defined by these essential resources (Figure 1d). The requirement niche is then defined as the area of this state space including and above the population z ...
... limiting essential resources, the R∗ expected at equilibrium can be used to draw an isocline of zero net population growth within a state space defined by these essential resources (Figure 1d). The requirement niche is then defined as the area of this state space including and above the population z ...
View PDF - Cramer Fish Sciences
... 3. The longer a locality has been in the same condition, the richer and the more stable is its biotic community. These principles anticipated, in part, several general ecological and evolutionary hypotheses that continue to be debated and tested by ecologists today. The first principle predicts that ...
... 3. The longer a locality has been in the same condition, the richer and the more stable is its biotic community. These principles anticipated, in part, several general ecological and evolutionary hypotheses that continue to be debated and tested by ecologists today. The first principle predicts that ...
ESA 2010 handbook - Ecological Society of Australia
... studying population and community dynamics of the boreal forest and tundra regions of western Canada. He is retired from the University of British Columbia and lives in Canberra during the northern winter. ...
... studying population and community dynamics of the boreal forest and tundra regions of western Canada. He is retired from the University of British Columbia and lives in Canberra during the northern winter. ...
University of Groningen Ecology of Estuarine Macrobenthos
... production and returns nutrients to the deeper water layers. It may take years before these nutrients can be utilized by photoautotrophs again. In estuarine systems, however, pelagic-benthic links are not only quantitatively more important, but also qualitatively different, since the benthos can be ...
... production and returns nutrients to the deeper water layers. It may take years before these nutrients can be utilized by photoautotrophs again. In estuarine systems, however, pelagic-benthic links are not only quantitatively more important, but also qualitatively different, since the benthos can be ...
Generalist Predators, Food Web Complexities and
... mediated by host plant or shared predators (Holt,1977; Karban & Carey, 1984). Hence, designing effective biological control programs for more than one pest species requires an understanding of all interactions occurring among species within biocontrol communities, not just those among pests and thei ...
... mediated by host plant or shared predators (Holt,1977; Karban & Carey, 1984). Hence, designing effective biological control programs for more than one pest species requires an understanding of all interactions occurring among species within biocontrol communities, not just those among pests and thei ...
indirect effects of large herbivores on snakes in an african savanna
... understand relatively little about how these declines influence other species. Previous studies have shown that the removal of large herbivorous mammals from large-scale, replicated experimental plots results in a dramatic increase in the density of small mammals, an increase that has been attributed ...
... understand relatively little about how these declines influence other species. Previous studies have shown that the removal of large herbivorous mammals from large-scale, replicated experimental plots results in a dramatic increase in the density of small mammals, an increase that has been attributed ...
1 Course: Zoology Online Resources used in Correlations These
... INTENDED OUTCOME: 2. Apply knowledge of the nature of science, scientific methodology, and historical context to solve problems, and employ safe and effective use of laboratory technologies STRAND: H. The Nature of Science STANDARD: 2. The student understands that most natural events occur in compre ...
... INTENDED OUTCOME: 2. Apply knowledge of the nature of science, scientific methodology, and historical context to solve problems, and employ safe and effective use of laboratory technologies STRAND: H. The Nature of Science STANDARD: 2. The student understands that most natural events occur in compre ...
carrying capacity: a critique of the concept al~ its usefulness
... carrying capacity is the upper limit to abundance set by the resources in the environment. Due to temporal variation in resource availability, carrying capacity should be considered as a dynamic value which natural populations tend towards unless influenced otherwise by external factors such as pred ...
... carrying capacity is the upper limit to abundance set by the resources in the environment. Due to temporal variation in resource availability, carrying capacity should be considered as a dynamic value which natural populations tend towards unless influenced otherwise by external factors such as pred ...
Does individual variation in metabolic phenotype predict fish
... Less is known about the factors influencing MMR. Cross-species analyses suggest that MMR is constrained by the mechanics of both oxygen and carbon dioxide transport (Hillman et al., 2013). Several studies have documented correlations among SMR, MMR and AS across individuals. The existence of these a ...
... Less is known about the factors influencing MMR. Cross-species analyses suggest that MMR is constrained by the mechanics of both oxygen and carbon dioxide transport (Hillman et al., 2013). Several studies have documented correlations among SMR, MMR and AS across individuals. The existence of these a ...
Effects of Enrichment on Simple Aquatic Food Webs.
... 1996) because such states have been considered unlikely to persist in nature. A fundamental prediction from Lotka-Volterra-type predator-prey models (i.e., with prey-dependent functional response), termed the “paradox of enrichment,” states that increasing the carrying capacity of the prey will forc ...
... 1996) because such states have been considered unlikely to persist in nature. A fundamental prediction from Lotka-Volterra-type predator-prey models (i.e., with prey-dependent functional response), termed the “paradox of enrichment,” states that increasing the carrying capacity of the prey will forc ...
Quantifying the effects of biodiversity on food web structure: a stable
... 1.1 The importance of food web structure Understanding causes and underlying mechanisms of food web structuring continues to be a fundamental agenda for future ecological research as the consequences of structure are profound. For instance food web structuring is of significance in explaining patter ...
... 1.1 The importance of food web structure Understanding causes and underlying mechanisms of food web structuring continues to be a fundamental agenda for future ecological research as the consequences of structure are profound. For instance food web structuring is of significance in explaining patter ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.