Download Ecology (Ch. 2-5): TEST PRACTICE Multiple Choice Identify the

Ecology (Ch. 2-5): TEST PRACTICE
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Ecology is the study of the interaction of living organisms
a. with each other and their habitat.
b. and their communities.
c. with each other and their physical environment.
d. and the food they eat.
2. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called
a. a community.
c. a biome.
b. a population.
d. a habitat.
3. An ecosystem consists of
a. a community of organisms.
c. the soil, water, and weather.
b. energy.
d. All of the above
4. The physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives is called a
a. habitat.
c. community.
b. tropical level.
d. food zone.
5. The areas of a tolerance curve that lie at the extreme high or low for the environmental variable represent the
a. optimal range of an environmental variable for an organism.
b. zones of physiological stress of an environmental variable for an organism.
c. zones of physiological intolerance of an environmental variable for an organism.
d. None of the above
6. An organism’s niche includes
a. what it eats.
c. when it eats.
b. where it eats.
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following would not be included in a description of an organism’s niche?
a. its trophic level
b. the humidity and temperature it prefers
c. its number of chromosomes
d. when it reproduces
8. Because individuals in a population usually tend to produce more than one offspring,
a. populations tend to increase in size.
b. populations remain stable in size.
c. individuals tend to die quickly.
d. the number of individuals declines rapidly.
9. Which of the following does not represent a population?
a. all the robins in Austin, Texas
b. all the grass frogs in the pond of Central Park, New York City
c. all the birds in Chicago, Illinois
d. all the earthworms in Yosemite National Park
10. Demographic studies of populations must take into consideration
a. population size.
c. population dispersion.
b. population density.
d. All of the above
11. Regarding population dispersion patterns, which of the following is an improper pairing?
a. randomly spaced — chance
c. clumped — clusters
b. evenly spaced — regular intervals
d. dispersive — randomly distributed
____ 12. Trees growing along the banks of a river but not growing in the surrounding area would best be described as a
____ dispersion of the trees.
a. clumped
b. even
c. random
d. mixture of clumped, even, and random
____ 13. A population of organisms grows
a. with no natural restrictions except the availability of food.
b. when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.
c. only in the absence of predators or natural diseases.
d. All of the above
World Population Growth
____ 14. Refer to the illustration above. Which time period shows exponential growth of the population?
a. period A–B
c. period C–D
b. period B–D
d. period D
____ 15. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following contributed to the change in world population during
the 1900s shown in the graph?
a. better sanitation
c. agricultural improvements
b. improved health care
d. All of the above
____ 16. Refer to the illustration above. Which letter in the graph indicates the approximate world population in the
year 1950?
a. Letter “A”
c. Letter “C”
b. Letter “B”
d. Letter “D”
____ 17. Refer to the illustration above. The American Revolution began in 1776. According to the graph, what was
the approximate world population at that time?
a. 500 thousand
c. 1 billion
b. 1 million
d. 2 billion
____ 18. Refer to the illustration above. The current rate of population growth will result in a doubling of the world
population every 39 years. Based on information in the graph, what will be the approximate world population
in the year 2039 if nothing is done to change this rate?
a. 6 billion
c. 12 billion
b. 10 billion
d. 24 billion
____ 19. population density : number of individuals in a given area ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
population : an area where organisms live
logistic model : how populations grow in nature
logistic growth curve : rate of growth
population size : population density
Population Growth Over Time
____ 20. Refer to the illustration above. During which time period are the birth rate and death rate equal?
a. period “A”
c. period “C”
b. period “B”
d. period “D”
____ 21. Refer to the illustration above. The rate of growth of a population is represented by r. During which time
period will r = 0?
a. period “A”
c. period “C”
b. period “B”
d. period “D”
____ 22. Refer to the illustration above. The time period during which r would have a negative value is
a. period “A”
c. period “C”
b. period “B”
d. period “D”
____ 23. As a population reaches its carrying capacity, there is an increase in competition for
a. food.
c. mates.
b. shelter.
d. All of the above
____ 24. A relationship between a producer and consumer is best illustrated by
a. a snake eating a bird.
c. a lion eating a zebra.
b. a fox eating a mouse.
d. a zebra eating grass.
____ 25. A tick feeding on a human is an example of
a. parasitism.
c. competition.
b. mutualism.
d. predation.
____ 26. Refer to the illustration above. Level “A” is composed of
a. carnivores.
c. producers.
b. herbivores.
d. omnivores.
____ 27. Refer to the illustration above. On the pyramid, animals that feed on plant eaters are no lower than
a. level “A.”
c. level “C.”
b. level “B.”
d. level “D.”
____ 28. The relationship between plants and the bees that pollinate them is an example of
a. commensalism.
c. mutualism.
b. competition.
d. parasitism.
1
2
3
Both organisms benefit from the activity of each other.
One organism benefits, and the other organism neither
benefits nor suffers harm.
One organism obtains its nutrients from another, and the
other organism may weaken due to deprivation.
____ 29. Refer to the chart above. The table represents three types of
a. competition.
c. symbiosis.
b. rhythmic patterns.
d. secondary succession.
____ 30. Refer to the chart above. Which pair of organisms generally exhibits the type of relationship that corresponds
to number “1” in the table?
a. coyotes and sheep
b. shrimp and sea cucumbers
c. parasitic worms and white-tailed deer
d. clams and algae
____ 31. Refer to the chart above. The relationship that corresponds to number “2” in the table is known as
a. parasitism.
c. mutualism.
b. commensalism.
d. predation.
____ 32. Species diversity is a measure of
a. the number of species in a community.
b. the total number of individuals in a community.
c. the number of plant species relative to the number of animal species in a community.
d. the number of species and the relative abundance of each in a community.
____ 33. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in the diagram is known as
a. competitive exclusion.
c. symbiosis.
b. succession.
d. oligotrophy.
____ 34. Succession is
a. an organism’s ability to survive in its environment.
b. the number of species living in an ecosystem.
c. the regular progression of species replacement in an environment.
d. the transfer of energy through a food chain.
____ 35. Which of the following types of succession would most likely occur after a forest fire?
a. primary succession
c. secondary succession
b. old field succession
d. lake succession
____ 36. secondary succession : cleared forest ::
a. pile of rock and gravel : secondary succession
b. secondary succession : bare soil
c. primary succession : new volcanic island
d. succession : the absence of plants
____ 37. The end stage of primary succession in a northern latitude would be characterized by the predominance of
a. lichens.
c. small plants and shrubs.
b. needle-leaved evergreen trees.
d. grasses.
____ 38. Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called
a. primary consumers.
c. primary producers.
b. predators.
d. scavengers.
____ 39. The primary producers in a grassland ecosystem would most likely be
a. insects.
c. grasses.
b. bacteria.
d. algae.
____ 40. cows : herbivores ::
a. horses : carnivores
c. algae : consumers
b. plants : producers
d. caterpillars : producers
____ 41. Refer to the illustration above. The photosynthetic algae are
a. producers.
c. parasites.
b. consumers.
d. decomposers.
____ 42. Refer to the illustration above. The diagram, which shows how energy moves through an ecosystem, is known
as a
a. habitat.
c. food net.
____ 43.
____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
____ 51.
b. food chain.
d. food web.
Refer to the illustration above. Leopard seals are
a. producers.
c. herbivores.
b. omnivores.
d. carnivores.
Refer to the illustration above. Killer whales feed at the
a. first and second trophic levels.
c. second and third trophic levels.
b. second trophic level only.
d. third and fourth trophic levels.
In a food web, which type of organism receives energy from every other type?
a. producer
c. decomposer
b. carnivore
d. herbivore
Water and minerals needed by all organisms on Earth pass back and forth between the biotic and abiotic
portions of the environment in a process known as
a. recycling.
c. a biogeochemical cycle.
b. a pathway.
d. transpiration.
Precipitation and evaporation are important components of the
a. nitrogen cycle.
c. carbon cycle.
b. water cycle.
d. All of the above
Which of the following is common to the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the water cycle?
a. The substance is rearranged into different types of molecules as it moves through its cycle.
b. The substance must pass through organisms in order to complete its cycle.
c. The largest reserves of the substance are always in organisms.
d. The substance is required by all living things and is involved in many processes that occur
in all living things.
Coal, oil, and natural gas
a. are formed from decayed plants.
b. are fossil fuels.
c. release carbon dioxide when they are burned.
d. All of the above
Humans are affecting the carbon cycle by
a. burning fossil fuels.
b. destroying vegetation that absorbs carbon dioxide.
c. using electrical labor-saving devices.
d. All of the above
Major ecosystems that occur over wide areas of land are called
a. communities.
c. biomes.
b. habitats.
d. food chains.
Biome
Average Yearly
Temperature Range
Vegetation
1
-10°C – 14C
2
0°C – 25°C
3
24°C –34°C
Succulent plants, scattered grasses
4
25°C – 27°C
Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs
5
10°C – 20°C
Giant needle-leaved evergreen trees
Needle-leaved evergreen trees
Tall grasses in moist areas; short grasses in
drier areas
____ 52. Refer to the table above. Which biome generally has the lowest average yearly precipitation?
a. “2”
c. “4”
b. “3”
d. “5”
____ 53. Refer to the table above. Biome “1” is called the
a. deciduous forest.
c. coniferous forest.
b. tropical rain forest.
d. temperate rain forest.
____ 54. Which of the following biomes is characterized by evergreen trees and mammals such as moose, bears, and
lynx?
a. taiga
c. temperate rain forest
b. polar
d. tundra
____ 55. Herds of grazing animals are most likely to be found in a
a. savanna.
c. deciduous forest.
b. tropical rain forest.
d. taiga
____ 56. The biome that makes up most of the central part of the United States is
a. rain forest.
c. tundra.
b. temperate grassland.
d. deciduous forest.
____ 57. Which of the following is not an adaptation for water conservation found in desert organisms?
a. nocturnal lifestyle
c. waxy leaf coatings
b. deep root system
d. burrowing in the ground
____ 58. Which of the following animals would most likely be found in a temperate rain forest?
a. monkeys
c. deer
b. caribou
d. leopards
____ 59. Which of the following is characteristic of the photic zone of the ocean but not the aphotic zone?
a. fish
c. bacteria
b. tides
d. photosynthesis
____ 60. Organisms with light-producing body parts would most likely be found in
a. the deep-water zone of lakes.
c. open ocean surfaces.
b. shallow ocean waters.
d. deep ocean waters.
____ 61. Which of the following processes harnesses energy for organisms living near deep-sea vents?
a. photosynthesis
c. chemosynthesis
b. heterotrophy
d. respiration
____ 62. The extinction of species
a. is a problem limited to the tropics.
b. has been speeded up by the activities of people.
c. is a problem only where topsoil and ground water are limited.
d. is not a problem in the twentieth century.
____ 63. Which of the following groups of organisms has the greatest species richness?
a. mammals
c. plants
b. insects
d. vertebrates
____ 64. Destruction of the tropical rain forests
a. threatens the existence of thousands of species.
b. provides for more pasture and farmlands.
c. is done partly because of the need for lumber.
d. All of the above
____ 65. The efforts to restore Everglades National Park focus on
a. planting native trees and grasses that had previously been removed.
b. building a dam to prevent further water loss from the area.
c. restoring water pathways to their previous, natural courses.
d. purchasing the rest of the Everglades ecosystem not already in the Everglades National
Park.
Essay
66. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Write your answer in the space below.
67. Contrast exponential growth with logistical growth by completing the chart below.
Criteria
Graph of
Growth Rate
Assumptions
Birth and death
Rates
Exponential Population Growth
Logistic Population Growth
Ecology (Ch. 2-5)
Answer Section
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ESSAY
66. ANS:
Primary succession is the replacement of species in an area that had not previously supported life, such as
bare rock or sand dune. Secondary succession involves species replacement habitats that have been disrupted
due to natural disaster or human activity but still possess a small amount of soil and vegetation.
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