- Warwick WRAP
... of rainforests and coral reefs seems incongruous with a general mathematical principle that “complexity begets instability”, and has become known as May’s Paradox. One solution might be that the linear stability analysis used by May and many subsequent studies does not capture essential characterist ...
... of rainforests and coral reefs seems incongruous with a general mathematical principle that “complexity begets instability”, and has become known as May’s Paradox. One solution might be that the linear stability analysis used by May and many subsequent studies does not capture essential characterist ...
Chronic nitrogen deposition alters the structure and function of
... composition and function. If the flow of energy though detrital food webs is diminished by the slowing of decay under higher rates of atmospheric N deposition, this agent of global change could also negatively impact the abundance and composition of soil fauna. To test this hypothesis, we studied soi ...
... composition and function. If the flow of energy though detrital food webs is diminished by the slowing of decay under higher rates of atmospheric N deposition, this agent of global change could also negatively impact the abundance and composition of soil fauna. To test this hypothesis, we studied soi ...
Disturbance and distributions: avoiding exclusion in a warming world
... The pattern of disturbance events in time and space that characterize a given area (typically with predictable elements). If the pattern cannot be predicted, or includes unique events (on the time scale used), this would be part of the description. A species that will be eliminated by other species ...
... The pattern of disturbance events in time and space that characterize a given area (typically with predictable elements). If the pattern cannot be predicted, or includes unique events (on the time scale used), this would be part of the description. A species that will be eliminated by other species ...
Vegetation Change and Ecosystem Services
... and drought tend to maintain these grassland communities and limit succession to coastal scrub. Often being adjacent to coastal scrub communities, shrubs such as coyote bush, may invade under long fire intervals and reduced grazing pressure. Ford and Hayes (2007) described coyote bush succession in ...
... and drought tend to maintain these grassland communities and limit succession to coastal scrub. Often being adjacent to coastal scrub communities, shrubs such as coyote bush, may invade under long fire intervals and reduced grazing pressure. Ford and Hayes (2007) described coyote bush succession in ...
diversity, ecosystem function, and stability of parasitoid
... resource complementarity has received significant attention in small-scale studies, it has been argued that complementary resource use by different species can only increase overall consumption when a diverse array of niches is available. This mechanism may therefore be more likely to operate in natu ...
... resource complementarity has received significant attention in small-scale studies, it has been argued that complementary resource use by different species can only increase overall consumption when a diverse array of niches is available. This mechanism may therefore be more likely to operate in natu ...
Molecular evolution and the latitudinal
... Martin et al., 2007; Mittelbach et al., 2007). Niche conservation has been interpreted by some as indicating a limited capacity in many plant and animal groups for substantial range (habitat) shifts (for example, Wiens and Graham 2005). Immigration has yet to be linked to molecular evolution directl ...
... Martin et al., 2007; Mittelbach et al., 2007). Niche conservation has been interpreted by some as indicating a limited capacity in many plant and animal groups for substantial range (habitat) shifts (for example, Wiens and Graham 2005). Immigration has yet to be linked to molecular evolution directl ...
Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian
... 1997; Mulder and others 2001) demonstrate how positive interactions among different species help maintain the structure and diversity of various plant and animal communities, particularly under adverse environmental conditions. There has been some debate as to whether such positive interactions exer ...
... 1997; Mulder and others 2001) demonstrate how positive interactions among different species help maintain the structure and diversity of various plant and animal communities, particularly under adverse environmental conditions. There has been some debate as to whether such positive interactions exer ...
Biodiversity Reforms - Have Your Say PO Box A290 Sydney South
... Report (Environment Protection Authority 2015), is in decline.1 Biodiversity reform is an opportunity to address the decline of biodiversity and to promote the recovery of threatened species, populations and ecological communities. I am concerned that the NSW Government’s biodiversity reform package ...
... Report (Environment Protection Authority 2015), is in decline.1 Biodiversity reform is an opportunity to address the decline of biodiversity and to promote the recovery of threatened species, populations and ecological communities. I am concerned that the NSW Government’s biodiversity reform package ...
Natural Selection and Ecological Speciation in Sticklebacks
... reproductive isolation (premating and/or postmating) as a side-effect, both in sympatry and allopatry (see Box 9.2). Divergent selection may arise from external differences between the two environments or niches occupied by the two populations (the “environment” in a narrow sense). Divergent selecti ...
... reproductive isolation (premating and/or postmating) as a side-effect, both in sympatry and allopatry (see Box 9.2). Divergent selection may arise from external differences between the two environments or niches occupied by the two populations (the “environment” in a narrow sense). Divergent selecti ...
METABOLISM: Applications for Marine Ecological Studies
... synthetic or metabolic biochemical pathways that are directly or indirectly linked to processes important for survival or reproduction. The basic premise of their use is that adjustments in rates of physiological processes are necessary to bring metabolic demands into alignment with available energy ...
... synthetic or metabolic biochemical pathways that are directly or indirectly linked to processes important for survival or reproduction. The basic premise of their use is that adjustments in rates of physiological processes are necessary to bring metabolic demands into alignment with available energy ...
Unit 4: Chapter 1: Populations
... Living organisms form structured communities within dynamic but essentially stable ecosystems through which energy is transferred and chemical elements are cycled. Humans are part of the ecological balance and their activities affect it both directly and indirectly. Consideration of these effects un ...
... Living organisms form structured communities within dynamic but essentially stable ecosystems through which energy is transferred and chemical elements are cycled. Humans are part of the ecological balance and their activities affect it both directly and indirectly. Consideration of these effects un ...
Allee Effects, Immigration, and the Evolution of Species
... adaptations that permit it to utilize that habitat. How does the rate of immigration into the sink influence the likelihood of such adaptation? Theoretical studies in recent years have clarified the diverse ecological and genetic influences of dispersal on local adaptation and the evolution of speci ...
... adaptations that permit it to utilize that habitat. How does the rate of immigration into the sink influence the likelihood of such adaptation? Theoretical studies in recent years have clarified the diverse ecological and genetic influences of dispersal on local adaptation and the evolution of speci ...
Allee Effects, Immigration, and the Evolution of Species` Niches
... adaptations that permit it to utilize that habitat. How does the rate of immigration into the sink influence the likelihood of such adaptation? Theoretical studies in recent years have clarified the diverse ecological and genetic influences of dispersal on local adaptation and the evolution of speci ...
... adaptations that permit it to utilize that habitat. How does the rate of immigration into the sink influence the likelihood of such adaptation? Theoretical studies in recent years have clarified the diverse ecological and genetic influences of dispersal on local adaptation and the evolution of speci ...
Erick Nfon Tools for Evaluating the Fate and Bioaccumulation of Organic Compounds in Aquatic Ecosystems.
... insecticides) and unintentional releases (combustion processes, leakages from products and industrial discharges such as waste water). As a consequence of the resistance to natural decomposition processes and the ability to undergo long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) (e.g. Wania and Mackay, 1 ...
... insecticides) and unintentional releases (combustion processes, leakages from products and industrial discharges such as waste water). As a consequence of the resistance to natural decomposition processes and the ability to undergo long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) (e.g. Wania and Mackay, 1 ...
The functional approach to agricultural landscape analysis. The
... -variability among living organisms, - diversity within species, - between species and of ecosystems genetic diversity ...
... -variability among living organisms, - diversity within species, - between species and of ecosystems genetic diversity ...
A mechanistic approach to understanding range shifts in a changing
... phenomenon with some taxa expanding range and others contracting even to the point of extinction. What leads some populations to expand while others contract? Are there physiological and behavioral attributes of ‘‘pioneers” at the forefront of a range shift/expansion? The concept of allostasis provi ...
... phenomenon with some taxa expanding range and others contracting even to the point of extinction. What leads some populations to expand while others contract? Are there physiological and behavioral attributes of ‘‘pioneers” at the forefront of a range shift/expansion? The concept of allostasis provi ...
Competitive Response Hierarchies for Germination
... The ecological consequences of changing competitive hierarchies over life histories depend on the magnitude of influence of each life history stage on individual and population growth. If competition is an important process influencing relative abundance of species in a community, the magnitude of i ...
... The ecological consequences of changing competitive hierarchies over life histories depend on the magnitude of influence of each life history stage on individual and population growth. If competition is an important process influencing relative abundance of species in a community, the magnitude of i ...
Wetlands 2 Student - Shuswap Watershed Project
... shallow water and moist soil zones. Cattail and bulrush are the two most common emergents associated with marshes though many other species may be present, depending upon local soil and water conditions. A variety of submergent vegetation species is also common to marshes. Freshwater marsh plant com ...
... shallow water and moist soil zones. Cattail and bulrush are the two most common emergents associated with marshes though many other species may be present, depending upon local soil and water conditions. A variety of submergent vegetation species is also common to marshes. Freshwater marsh plant com ...
species interactions in intertidal food webs: prey or predation
... 1974, Sanford 1999). While this might suggest that predation by seastars on whelks is weak, the prevalence of prey items in the diet of predators is often not a good indicator of the actual impact of predators on prey populations (Paine 1980, Fairweather and Underwood 1983, Polis 1994). Steady preda ...
... 1974, Sanford 1999). While this might suggest that predation by seastars on whelks is weak, the prevalence of prey items in the diet of predators is often not a good indicator of the actual impact of predators on prey populations (Paine 1980, Fairweather and Underwood 1983, Polis 1994). Steady preda ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in angiosperm
... shading, while the faster recovery of monocultures suggests that the change from shading stress to recovery resulted in a shift from positive interactions to resource competition between species. The results derived from this thesis show that plant diversity affects ecosystem functioning and contrib ...
... shading, while the faster recovery of monocultures suggests that the change from shading stress to recovery resulted in a shift from positive interactions to resource competition between species. The results derived from this thesis show that plant diversity affects ecosystem functioning and contrib ...
Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic
... not to say these are the only variables that matter, rather they help us to simplify the system into something more tractable, which can also then enable us to identify other potentially important variables (e.g. elemental composition of consumers and resources and effects of increased atmospheric C ...
... not to say these are the only variables that matter, rather they help us to simplify the system into something more tractable, which can also then enable us to identify other potentially important variables (e.g. elemental composition of consumers and resources and effects of increased atmospheric C ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
Seed size, growth rate and gap microsite
... mortality to the end of the first dry season, and at the post-establishment phase were analysed using generalized linear modelling in (v. 3.77; Royal Statistical Society, London, UK). To avoid problems of inconstant variance and negative mortality rates that might be predicted when normal error ...
... mortality to the end of the first dry season, and at the post-establishment phase were analysed using generalized linear modelling in (v. 3.77; Royal Statistical Society, London, UK). To avoid problems of inconstant variance and negative mortality rates that might be predicted when normal error ...
individual variation in mammals
... for how their relationships with other variables are analyzed. A trait is perfectly repeatable as measured by the intraclass correlation only if it is constant over time. The treatment of a trait as if it were constant over time is implicit in many analyses. Constancy of traits should not be assumed ...
... for how their relationships with other variables are analyzed. A trait is perfectly repeatable as measured by the intraclass correlation only if it is constant over time. The treatment of a trait as if it were constant over time is implicit in many analyses. Constancy of traits should not be assumed ...
Mrs. Krausz`s Environmental Science: Chapter 5 Study Guide
... mountain meadow, grasshoppers and aphids eat the flowers and grasses. Ladybugs eat the aphids, and blue jays eat the grasshoppers and ladybugs. Blue jays also eat grass seeds and pine nuts and even an occasional small frog from the pond. The frogs ate algae in the pond when they were tadpoles, but n ...
... mountain meadow, grasshoppers and aphids eat the flowers and grasses. Ladybugs eat the aphids, and blue jays eat the grasshoppers and ladybugs. Blue jays also eat grass seeds and pine nuts and even an occasional small frog from the pond. The frogs ate algae in the pond when they were tadpoles, but n ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.