1. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor? A. the
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Landscape ecologists claim all landscapes consist of similar mosaics of discrete, bounded patches with different biotic or abiotic composition. Predominate cover type acts as a matrix in which other patch types are embedded. - Landscape heterogeneity can exist across a wide range of scales. ...
... Landscape ecologists claim all landscapes consist of similar mosaics of discrete, bounded patches with different biotic or abiotic composition. Predominate cover type acts as a matrix in which other patch types are embedded. - Landscape heterogeneity can exist across a wide range of scales. ...
Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef
... 1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. 2. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or ...
... 1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. 2. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or ...
Neutral Biogeography and the Evolution of Climatic Niches
... sampled the climatic niches of species according to their geographic position and showed that even when species evolve independently of climate, their niches can nonetheless exhibit evolutionary patterns strongly differing from Brownian motion. Indeed, climatic niche evolution is better captured by ...
... sampled the climatic niches of species according to their geographic position and showed that even when species evolve independently of climate, their niches can nonetheless exhibit evolutionary patterns strongly differing from Brownian motion. Indeed, climatic niche evolution is better captured by ...
Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers in urban ecosystems in the
... mals, plays a key role in ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. A growing number of studies suggest that vertebrate scavengers also provide key ecosystem services, the benefits humans gain from the natural world, particularly in the removal of carcasses from the environment. An increasing ...
... mals, plays a key role in ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. A growing number of studies suggest that vertebrate scavengers also provide key ecosystem services, the benefits humans gain from the natural world, particularly in the removal of carcasses from the environment. An increasing ...
Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology
... Body size is one of the most fundamental properties of an organism. Because size is related to lifespan, home range size and other aspects of life history and ecology [1,2], the relationship between body size and abundance is an essential link between the individual- and population-level traits of s ...
... Body size is one of the most fundamental properties of an organism. Because size is related to lifespan, home range size and other aspects of life history and ecology [1,2], the relationship between body size and abundance is an essential link between the individual- and population-level traits of s ...
Modeling multiple nonconsumptive effects in
... interference to derive a model that is both flexible and intuitive. The model is derived using a 4-species food web that includes multiple nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) and interactions among them, though this approach may be adaptable to larger ecological communities. I apply this model to 2 exampl ...
... interference to derive a model that is both flexible and intuitive. The model is derived using a 4-species food web that includes multiple nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) and interactions among them, though this approach may be adaptable to larger ecological communities. I apply this model to 2 exampl ...
Rethinking Community Assembly through the Lens
... are neutral), reinvigorated debate that the processes influencing diversity include both local and short-term mechanisms as well as regional processes occurring over longer timescales (Sale 1977, Hubbell 2001). Recent theoretical advances in coexistence theory suggest, however, that there is still mu ...
... are neutral), reinvigorated debate that the processes influencing diversity include both local and short-term mechanisms as well as regional processes occurring over longer timescales (Sale 1977, Hubbell 2001). Recent theoretical advances in coexistence theory suggest, however, that there is still mu ...
6156_Van_der_Putten_et_al_FER1_14jan2016_final
... directions of plant-soil feedbacks under various scenarios of global change. We also need tests of ...
... directions of plant-soil feedbacks under various scenarios of global change. We also need tests of ...
Intertidal and Nearshore Rocky Reefs
... in mesoscale factors such as large current systems and largescale temperature regimes may explain disparities at a biogeographical level (Bustamante and Branch 1996). However, a suite of site-specific factors determine patterns of species distributions in the local setting. Environmental stress rela ...
... in mesoscale factors such as large current systems and largescale temperature regimes may explain disparities at a biogeographical level (Bustamante and Branch 1996). However, a suite of site-specific factors determine patterns of species distributions in the local setting. Environmental stress rela ...
Conceptual Ecological Modelling of Shallow Sublittoral Sand
... Output processes are variable between functional faunal groups depending on the fauna present. Important processes include secondary production, biodeposition, bioturbation, bioengineering and the supply of propagules. These influence ecosystem functions at the local scale such as nutrient and bioge ...
... Output processes are variable between functional faunal groups depending on the fauna present. Important processes include secondary production, biodeposition, bioturbation, bioengineering and the supply of propagules. These influence ecosystem functions at the local scale such as nutrient and bioge ...
A Course Material on ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND
... From unsustainable to sustainable development – urban problems related to energy – water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management – resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies – role of non-governmental organization- environmental ethics: Issue ...
... From unsustainable to sustainable development – urban problems related to energy – water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management – resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies – role of non-governmental organization- environmental ethics: Issue ...
A stable isotope (d C, d N) model for the North Water food web
... trophic-level (TL) consumers. Crucial to an evaluation of the role of such consumers, however, was the establishment of primary trophic linkages within the North Water food web. We used d15N values of food web components from particulate organic matter (POM) through polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to ...
... trophic-level (TL) consumers. Crucial to an evaluation of the role of such consumers, however, was the establishment of primary trophic linkages within the North Water food web. We used d15N values of food web components from particulate organic matter (POM) through polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to ...
Habitat and habitat selection: theory, tests, and implications.
... Ultimately, habitat selection emerges only because organisms are better adapted to live and reproduce in some places than they are in others. Each species is dealt a death card that eliminates it from the game of life. But the dealer plays favorites. Some taxa are at the table for a single hand whil ...
... Ultimately, habitat selection emerges only because organisms are better adapted to live and reproduce in some places than they are in others. Each species is dealt a death card that eliminates it from the game of life. But the dealer plays favorites. Some taxa are at the table for a single hand whil ...
Predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of species
... Pulliam 2000; Holt 2009) have defined the area where longterm persistence is possible in the absence of migration (or, in environmental space rather than geographical space, the fundamental niche) as the set of locations where the intrinsic population growth rate of the species is positive, the logi ...
... Pulliam 2000; Holt 2009) have defined the area where longterm persistence is possible in the absence of migration (or, in environmental space rather than geographical space, the fundamental niche) as the set of locations where the intrinsic population growth rate of the species is positive, the logi ...
Indirect effects of invasive species affecting the population structure
... interactions. Thus, invaders may function as additional food source (Bulleri et al. 2005, Carlsson et al. 2009) or may provide protection to native biota (Wonham et al. 2005, Severns and Warren 2008). In addition, there may be more subtle effects caused by indirect interactions between invaders and ...
... interactions. Thus, invaders may function as additional food source (Bulleri et al. 2005, Carlsson et al. 2009) or may provide protection to native biota (Wonham et al. 2005, Severns and Warren 2008). In addition, there may be more subtle effects caused by indirect interactions between invaders and ...
17 Ecological Approaches to Crop Domestication
... Filepath://spiina1004z/Production_III/CUP/3B2/Gepts-9780521764599/Others/_Geptsetal 9780521764599/17.3d ...
... Filepath://spiina1004z/Production_III/CUP/3B2/Gepts-9780521764599/Others/_Geptsetal 9780521764599/17.3d ...
Brachyura (Decapoda, Crustacea) of phytobenthic
... of wave action, size and slope of the rock surfaces and dry weight of the macroalgae. Collections were done in spring, using 50 x 50 cm quadrats, randomly dropped five times on a transect 10 m long, extended parallel to the water line. Of the twelve Brachyura species identified, the most frequent an ...
... of wave action, size and slope of the rock surfaces and dry weight of the macroalgae. Collections were done in spring, using 50 x 50 cm quadrats, randomly dropped five times on a transect 10 m long, extended parallel to the water line. Of the twelve Brachyura species identified, the most frequent an ...
Key Threatening Process Nomination Form
... dingoes in comparison to those that exclude dingoes due to the fence; in the latter greater numbers of foxes and kangaroos have been found to occur (Newsome et al., 2001; Letnic et al., 2009a, 2009b; Letnic & Crowther, 2013). This has also been backed up by other studies that showed a greater abunda ...
... dingoes in comparison to those that exclude dingoes due to the fence; in the latter greater numbers of foxes and kangaroos have been found to occur (Newsome et al., 2001; Letnic et al., 2009a, 2009b; Letnic & Crowther, 2013). This has also been backed up by other studies that showed a greater abunda ...
Mycorrhizal fungal establishment in agricultural soils: factors
... to inoculation may to a large extent be driven by increases in AMF abundance, rather than the ...
... to inoculation may to a large extent be driven by increases in AMF abundance, rather than the ...
Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats
... embryo, larvae, juveniles, and adults. Thus, factors that contribute to the selection of a spawning location are many and complex, and depend on constraints that affect fish throughout their entire life cycle, not only the larval stage (Claydon, 2004; McNamara and Houston, 2008). It is therefore ant ...
... embryo, larvae, juveniles, and adults. Thus, factors that contribute to the selection of a spawning location are many and complex, and depend on constraints that affect fish throughout their entire life cycle, not only the larval stage (Claydon, 2004; McNamara and Houston, 2008). It is therefore ant ...
How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... We focus on trophic interactions between species because, for this type of interaction, theory is historically most developed and because trophic interactions are obviously essential for all species but primary producers. It is, however, not difficult to apply our theory to other types of interactio ...
... We focus on trophic interactions between species because, for this type of interaction, theory is historically most developed and because trophic interactions are obviously essential for all species but primary producers. It is, however, not difficult to apply our theory to other types of interactio ...
Competition, predation and flow rate as mediators
... 2007). It is worth noting, however, that the indirect effects of intraspecific competition and interspecific competition can be considered as equal only if the two competing species have an equal capacity to feed on the lower trophic level. However, if the two competing species differ in their capac ...
... 2007). It is worth noting, however, that the indirect effects of intraspecific competition and interspecific competition can be considered as equal only if the two competing species have an equal capacity to feed on the lower trophic level. However, if the two competing species differ in their capac ...
An experimentalist`s challenge: when artifacts of intervention interact
... by comparing the performance of animals maintained inside the required experimental enclosures at natural, ambient density to that of identical animals roaming free at that same ambient density), one should employ such controls. Results of these controls would then be used to estimate the direction ...
... by comparing the performance of animals maintained inside the required experimental enclosures at natural, ambient density to that of identical animals roaming free at that same ambient density), one should employ such controls. Results of these controls would then be used to estimate the direction ...
natural selection favors rapid reproductive
... and Bliss, 1959; Galen and Stanton, 1993; Wagner and Mitterhofer, 1998). The magnitude and direction of natural selection on a given trait may also vary considerably among contrasting habitats (Bennington and McGraw, 1995; Caruso, 2001) and in climatically different years (Kalisz, 1986). The extent ...
... and Bliss, 1959; Galen and Stanton, 1993; Wagner and Mitterhofer, 1998). The magnitude and direction of natural selection on a given trait may also vary considerably among contrasting habitats (Bennington and McGraw, 1995; Caruso, 2001) and in climatically different years (Kalisz, 1986). The extent ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.