metacommunity influences on community richness at multiple spatial
... patterns, with some benefiting from large-scale processes and others being adversely impacted. These results indicate that the effects of dispersal on species richness have a complex relationship with scale and are not solely divisible into ‘‘regional’’ vs. ‘‘local’’ scales. Finally, predictions of t ...
... patterns, with some benefiting from large-scale processes and others being adversely impacted. These results indicate that the effects of dispersal on species richness have a complex relationship with scale and are not solely divisible into ‘‘regional’’ vs. ‘‘local’’ scales. Finally, predictions of t ...
Biotic and abiotic factors predicting the global distribution and
... distribution, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation variables were important predictors of population density on a global scale. In addition, contributing to growing evidence that biotic factors are also important determinants of broad-scale patterns of species distributions, both bio ...
... distribution, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation variables were important predictors of population density on a global scale. In addition, contributing to growing evidence that biotic factors are also important determinants of broad-scale patterns of species distributions, both bio ...
booklet of abstracts
... not have any ground vegetation cover. However, there has been a considerable reduction in the application of herbicides over the past decades, leading to more vegetation of higher diversity on the ground. These different management types lead to a fragmented and almost binary system of few parcels w ...
... not have any ground vegetation cover. However, there has been a considerable reduction in the application of herbicides over the past decades, leading to more vegetation of higher diversity on the ground. These different management types lead to a fragmented and almost binary system of few parcels w ...
biosphere4233 - Standards Aligned System
... predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; ...
... predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; ...
Natural Selection and Adaptation
... ancestral condition in the population in which the adaptation evolved). Natural selection is the only mechanism known to cause the evolution of adaptations, so many biologists would simply define an adaptation as a characteristic that has evolved by natural selection. The word “adaptation” also refe ...
... ancestral condition in the population in which the adaptation evolved). Natural selection is the only mechanism known to cause the evolution of adaptations, so many biologists would simply define an adaptation as a characteristic that has evolved by natural selection. The word “adaptation” also refe ...
The future of fisheries oceanography lies in the pursuit of multiple
... Fisheries oceanography is largely an applied discipline with a major goal of improving fisheries management and marine conservation. Johan Hjort’s critical period hypothesis, and its decedents, remain a dominant theme and focuses on year-class success as mediated by prey availability and feeding. Bot ...
... Fisheries oceanography is largely an applied discipline with a major goal of improving fisheries management and marine conservation. Johan Hjort’s critical period hypothesis, and its decedents, remain a dominant theme and focuses on year-class success as mediated by prey availability and feeding. Bot ...
Geographic Variation in Camouflage Specialization by a Decorator
... many biologists recognize that biotic interactions vary in outcome with local conditions, few studies examine how these changes may alter species’ behaviors and evolution over geographic scales. Such studies of geographic variation may serve as a “lens” through which many important ecological and ev ...
... many biologists recognize that biotic interactions vary in outcome with local conditions, few studies examine how these changes may alter species’ behaviors and evolution over geographic scales. Such studies of geographic variation may serve as a “lens” through which many important ecological and ev ...
Natural Selection and Adaptation
... ancestral condition in the population in which the adaptation evolved). Natural selection is the only mechanism known to cause the evolution of adaptations, so many biologists would simply define an adaptation as a characteristic that has evolved by natural selection. The word “adaptation” also refe ...
... ancestral condition in the population in which the adaptation evolved). Natural selection is the only mechanism known to cause the evolution of adaptations, so many biologists would simply define an adaptation as a characteristic that has evolved by natural selection. The word “adaptation” also refe ...
Assessment of environmental management effects in a shallow
... the main bird migratory routes between Europe, Asia and Africa, and a variety of species winter there in large numbers (Baccetti and Corbi, 1988). Cormorants play a central role at Orbetello in the regulation of the marketable finfish biomass present in the ecosystem ...
... the main bird migratory routes between Europe, Asia and Africa, and a variety of species winter there in large numbers (Baccetti and Corbi, 1988). Cormorants play a central role at Orbetello in the regulation of the marketable finfish biomass present in the ecosystem ...
Ecosystem Impact of the Decline of Large Whales in the North Pacific
... inaccuracies in population estimates is relatively small compared to the effect of whaling. Indeed, the range of estimated percent daily net primary production required (Table 16.7) varied by less than 2% using high, low, and best estimates of current population sizes from the literature. Regardless ...
... inaccuracies in population estimates is relatively small compared to the effect of whaling. Indeed, the range of estimated percent daily net primary production required (Table 16.7) varied by less than 2% using high, low, and best estimates of current population sizes from the literature. Regardless ...
Exploring the Status of Population Genetics: The Role of Ecology
... primarily selection that governs the changes in the distributions of phenotypic traits over time, whereas others were convinced that multiple types of evolutionary processes govern those changes. This mixed lesson set the stage for later debates over the neutral theory.8 There was agreement, however ...
... primarily selection that governs the changes in the distributions of phenotypic traits over time, whereas others were convinced that multiple types of evolutionary processes govern those changes. This mixed lesson set the stage for later debates over the neutral theory.8 There was agreement, however ...
Adaptive Radiation - the ant life
... well-known vertebrate radiations include lizards (anoles) in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean in which diversification has allowed species to occupy a range of ecological roles, with as many as 11 species occurring sympatrically. Different species live, for example, on twigs, in the grass, or o ...
... well-known vertebrate radiations include lizards (anoles) in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean in which diversification has allowed species to occupy a range of ecological roles, with as many as 11 species occurring sympatrically. Different species live, for example, on twigs, in the grass, or o ...
Why Do the Boreal Forest Ecosystems of Northwestern Europe Differ
... is the key determinant of the dominant understory vegetation that then determines the herbivore–predator food-web interactions. The crucial unknown for the twenty-first century is how climate change and increasing instability will affect these forests, both with respect to the dynamics of individual ...
... is the key determinant of the dominant understory vegetation that then determines the herbivore–predator food-web interactions. The crucial unknown for the twenty-first century is how climate change and increasing instability will affect these forests, both with respect to the dynamics of individual ...
Nutrients in Dryland Soils
... the southwest United States with land degradation. They argued that intensive grazing reduced grass cover and resulted in an invasion of woody shrub species that once established, was difficult to reverse due to the development of 'islands of fertility' under bushes. The two-fold causation model for ...
... the southwest United States with land degradation. They argued that intensive grazing reduced grass cover and resulted in an invasion of woody shrub species that once established, was difficult to reverse due to the development of 'islands of fertility' under bushes. The two-fold causation model for ...
True Value of Estuarine and Coastal Nurseries for Fish
... However, the provision of these services is complex. Not only do the values manifest at a variety of scales (e.g. habitat or food provided at a local scale, versus physical conditions at a whole of ecosystems level) but, rather than being a function of a single habitat, their values are usually conf ...
... However, the provision of these services is complex. Not only do the values manifest at a variety of scales (e.g. habitat or food provided at a local scale, versus physical conditions at a whole of ecosystems level) but, rather than being a function of a single habitat, their values are usually conf ...
Biodiversity Climate Change impacts report card technical paper 15
... Evolvability: In the longer term, persistence of populations will typically involve responding to altered selection pressures arising from changes in the environment. The loss genetic variation will constrain the ability of a population to respond to these changes. Selection acts on standing genetic ...
... Evolvability: In the longer term, persistence of populations will typically involve responding to altered selection pressures arising from changes in the environment. The loss genetic variation will constrain the ability of a population to respond to these changes. Selection acts on standing genetic ...
PDF
... are not taken into account by corporations when conducting voluntary tests for environmental risk assessment. Wolfenbarger and Phifer (2000) also concluded that key experiments on environmental risks and benefits of GM crops are lacking. It is such weakness of regulatory and biosafety measures in th ...
... are not taken into account by corporations when conducting voluntary tests for environmental risk assessment. Wolfenbarger and Phifer (2000) also concluded that key experiments on environmental risks and benefits of GM crops are lacking. It is such weakness of regulatory and biosafety measures in th ...
Scale-dependent interactions and community
... Spartina alterniflora limits both establishment and growth of the cobble beach forbs Suaeda linearis, Salicornia europaea and Limonium nashii in the lower, Spartina-dominated zone. Removal of Spartina canopy at the upper edge of the Spartina zone led to a massive emergence of forb seedlings. Moreove ...
... Spartina alterniflora limits both establishment and growth of the cobble beach forbs Suaeda linearis, Salicornia europaea and Limonium nashii in the lower, Spartina-dominated zone. Removal of Spartina canopy at the upper edge of the Spartina zone led to a massive emergence of forb seedlings. Moreove ...
Not seeing the ocean for the islands
... regime will affect the dynamics of species and the resulting biodiversity (e.g. Malanson, 1984). The degree to which area-related changes occur is a function of not only the total amount of forest loss, but also (1) the size of remaining forest remnants, and (2) where in a landscape the destruction ...
... regime will affect the dynamics of species and the resulting biodiversity (e.g. Malanson, 1984). The degree to which area-related changes occur is a function of not only the total amount of forest loss, but also (1) the size of remaining forest remnants, and (2) where in a landscape the destruction ...
Transgenic Crops: Implications for Biodiversity and Sustainable
... are not taken into account by corporations when conducting voluntary tests for environmental risk assessment. Wolfenbarger and Phifer (2000) also concluded that key experiments on environmental risks and benefits of GM crops are lacking. It is such weakness of regulatory and biosafety measures in th ...
... are not taken into account by corporations when conducting voluntary tests for environmental risk assessment. Wolfenbarger and Phifer (2000) also concluded that key experiments on environmental risks and benefits of GM crops are lacking. It is such weakness of regulatory and biosafety measures in th ...
Chapter 25 - Kewalo Marine Lab
... contributed to hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay as well as other estuaries along the East Coast of the USA. Chemical discharges into streams and rivers from specific industrial sources account for a portion of coastal pollution problems, but more often “nonpoint source” pollution that originates from broad ...
... contributed to hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay as well as other estuaries along the East Coast of the USA. Chemical discharges into streams and rivers from specific industrial sources account for a portion of coastal pollution problems, but more often “nonpoint source” pollution that originates from broad ...
The abstract booklet can be downloaded here
... Can Acacia distribution predict the distribution of their seed feeding weevil? Scaling metabolism from individuals to reef-‐fish communities at the global scale Adult and larval traits as determinants of geog ...
... Can Acacia distribution predict the distribution of their seed feeding weevil? Scaling metabolism from individuals to reef-‐fish communities at the global scale Adult and larval traits as determinants of geog ...
Mechanisms of Rapid Adaptation to Environmental Stressors in
... assess the evolutionary process involved (evolutionary assessment). The effect of pollutants on the genetics of natural populations is the field of the evolutionary toxicology [74-77]. Evolutionary toxicology makes use of the conceptual basis of evolution, toxicological concepts and conservation bio ...
... assess the evolutionary process involved (evolutionary assessment). The effect of pollutants on the genetics of natural populations is the field of the evolutionary toxicology [74-77]. Evolutionary toxicology makes use of the conceptual basis of evolution, toxicological concepts and conservation bio ...
Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has
... chopped up into fragments of various sizes and degrees of isolation. Distinguishing the impacts of these two processes on biodiversity is challenging because they generally co-vary. For example, in forested landscapes in which most of the original habitat has been destroyed, the surviving fragments ...
... chopped up into fragments of various sizes and degrees of isolation. Distinguishing the impacts of these two processes on biodiversity is challenging because they generally co-vary. For example, in forested landscapes in which most of the original habitat has been destroyed, the surviving fragments ...
Patch Size and Population Density: The Effect of Immigration
... number of immigrants per unit area decreases, is constant, or increases in relation to patch size. Species that disperse at ground level are likely to show negative relationships between patch size and immigration per unit area. This is because the probability of intercepting a patch will be proport ...
... number of immigrants per unit area decreases, is constant, or increases in relation to patch size. Species that disperse at ground level are likely to show negative relationships between patch size and immigration per unit area. This is because the probability of intercepting a patch will be proport ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.