Mrs. Krausz`s Environmental Science: Chapter 5 Study Guide
... mountain meadow, grasshoppers and aphids eat the flowers and grasses. Ladybugs eat the aphids, and blue jays eat the grasshoppers and ladybugs. Blue jays also eat grass seeds and pine nuts and even an occasional small frog from the pond. The frogs ate algae in the pond when they were tadpoles, but n ...
... mountain meadow, grasshoppers and aphids eat the flowers and grasses. Ladybugs eat the aphids, and blue jays eat the grasshoppers and ladybugs. Blue jays also eat grass seeds and pine nuts and even an occasional small frog from the pond. The frogs ate algae in the pond when they were tadpoles, but n ...
Top predators, mesopredators and their prey: interference
... Furthermore, the strength of top predator control of mesopredators may increase with ecosystem productivity (Elmhagen & Rushton 2007). We suggest this could result in ‘interference ecosystems’ where interference divides the predators into two functional groups, top predators and mesopredators. A sec ...
... Furthermore, the strength of top predator control of mesopredators may increase with ecosystem productivity (Elmhagen & Rushton 2007). We suggest this could result in ‘interference ecosystems’ where interference divides the predators into two functional groups, top predators and mesopredators. A sec ...
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... 2006) and we have as yet only a limited understanding of the response of all species groups (Rowe et al., 2009). Changes in species composition resulting from a switch from arable crop cultivation to increased SRC cultivation may have wider repercussions on ecosystem processes and the provision of e ...
... 2006) and we have as yet only a limited understanding of the response of all species groups (Rowe et al., 2009). Changes in species composition resulting from a switch from arable crop cultivation to increased SRC cultivation may have wider repercussions on ecosystem processes and the provision of e ...
The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the
... until viable herbivore species appear (&50 g m72 y71). of food chains. Oksanen and his coworkers have formalized and extended Fretwell's model (L. Oksanen Above this level, plant biomass remains relatively 1988, 1992, 1999; T. Oksanen, 1990; L. Oksanen et al. constant until resident carnivore specie ...
... until viable herbivore species appear (&50 g m72 y71). of food chains. Oksanen and his coworkers have formalized and extended Fretwell's model (L. Oksanen Above this level, plant biomass remains relatively 1988, 1992, 1999; T. Oksanen, 1990; L. Oksanen et al. constant until resident carnivore specie ...
- Wiley Online Library
... We quantified the effect of one local and two quasi-remote environmental variables: (i) local sea surface temperature anomalies in the region associated with foraging during the breeding season (Fig. 1; 355°W to 445°W; 525°S to 545°S) (LSST); (ii) the El ...
... We quantified the effect of one local and two quasi-remote environmental variables: (i) local sea surface temperature anomalies in the region associated with foraging during the breeding season (Fig. 1; 355°W to 445°W; 525°S to 545°S) (LSST); (ii) the El ...
Environmental responses, not species interactions, determine
... interspecific interactions, we would conclude that environmental fluctuations are the more important driver. In principle, this could be done in an extremely controlled laboratory setting (e.g., Venail et al. 2013), but empirically- based models of interacting populations, fit with data sets from n ...
... interspecific interactions, we would conclude that environmental fluctuations are the more important driver. In principle, this could be done in an extremely controlled laboratory setting (e.g., Venail et al. 2013), but empirically- based models of interacting populations, fit with data sets from n ...
protecting, conserving and restoring biodiversity in ontario
... This paper deals with the protection, conservation and restoration of biodiversity in Ontario. Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to the intricate weave of Earth’s living organisms, their interrelationships and habitats, the genetic differences among them, and the ecological processes which ...
... This paper deals with the protection, conservation and restoration of biodiversity in Ontario. Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to the intricate weave of Earth’s living organisms, their interrelationships and habitats, the genetic differences among them, and the ecological processes which ...
Mallet (2012) "The struggle..."
... The theoretical core of evolutionary biology – evolutionary genetics – often ignores the original impetus of its creation, population ecology. Both Darwin and Wallace independently happened upon the idea of natural selection after reading Malthus’ treatise on population growth and human suffering (M ...
... The theoretical core of evolutionary biology – evolutionary genetics – often ignores the original impetus of its creation, population ecology. Both Darwin and Wallace independently happened upon the idea of natural selection after reading Malthus’ treatise on population growth and human suffering (M ...
Adaptive parental effects: the importance of estimating
... changes in the parental environment. Consistent with general life history theory (Stearns 1992), parents may respond to environmental change by reducing offspring fitness in order to increase the long term fitness returns that parents achieve (‘selfish parental effects’ sensu Marshall and Uller 2007). ...
... changes in the parental environment. Consistent with general life history theory (Stearns 1992), parents may respond to environmental change by reducing offspring fitness in order to increase the long term fitness returns that parents achieve (‘selfish parental effects’ sensu Marshall and Uller 2007). ...
pdf file - UNM Biology
... the magnitude of indirect pathways may fluctuate over time, because each indirect pathway involves at least one intervening species that may be influenced by extrinsic environmental variation. The granivore-dominated desert rodent communities of southwestern North America have served as a model syst ...
... the magnitude of indirect pathways may fluctuate over time, because each indirect pathway involves at least one intervening species that may be influenced by extrinsic environmental variation. The granivore-dominated desert rodent communities of southwestern North America have served as a model syst ...
Herbivory enhances the diversity of primary producers in pond
... Our design enhanced the role of multigeneration ecological feedbacks that can influence algal richness. To address concerns about species pool and colonization, we added diverse assemblages of phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton. We inoculated each mesocosm with small volumes of diverse assembl ...
... Our design enhanced the role of multigeneration ecological feedbacks that can influence algal richness. To address concerns about species pool and colonization, we added diverse assemblages of phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton. We inoculated each mesocosm with small volumes of diverse assembl ...
Behavioral changes, ecological niches and adaptive diversification
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
Dynamics of Blowfly Populations
... Unpredictable variations in population numbers are expected to occur in animal populations. The persistence of populations, including blowflies, may be strongly influenced by environmental and demographic stochasticity (Castanho et al. 2006; Serra et al. 2007). The deterministic approach employed to ...
... Unpredictable variations in population numbers are expected to occur in animal populations. The persistence of populations, including blowflies, may be strongly influenced by environmental and demographic stochasticity (Castanho et al. 2006; Serra et al. 2007). The deterministic approach employed to ...
The coexistence of species - Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
... enough time to reach equilibrium. The first four sections briefly review resource partitioning studies and competitive coexistence models, and discuss the relative contributions of, and interaction between empirical and theoretical approaches to the problem of ecological-scale coexistence. The next ...
... enough time to reach equilibrium. The first four sections briefly review resource partitioning studies and competitive coexistence models, and discuss the relative contributions of, and interaction between empirical and theoretical approaches to the problem of ecological-scale coexistence. The next ...
Curriculum Vitae
... interactions in lizards. Ecology 86: 1650-1659. 16) Shine R., O’Donnell R., Langkilde T., Wall M.D. and Mason R.T. 2005. Snakes in search of sex: the relationship between mate-locating ability and mating success in male garter snakes. Animal Behaviour 69: 1251-1258. 15) Langkilde T. and Shine R. 200 ...
... interactions in lizards. Ecology 86: 1650-1659. 16) Shine R., O’Donnell R., Langkilde T., Wall M.D. and Mason R.T. 2005. Snakes in search of sex: the relationship between mate-locating ability and mating success in male garter snakes. Animal Behaviour 69: 1251-1258. 15) Langkilde T. and Shine R. 200 ...
Why measure bacterial production?
... this community in the aquatic carbon cycle” does warrant a response, however, about the general utility of measurements of BBP. It is our intention to argue that BBP has been and continues to be an important rate to measure with or without the addition of respiration measurements, that despite numer ...
... this community in the aquatic carbon cycle” does warrant a response, however, about the general utility of measurements of BBP. It is our intention to argue that BBP has been and continues to be an important rate to measure with or without the addition of respiration measurements, that despite numer ...
Community structure of soil inhabiting nematodes in an apple
... trophic consumer levels within the soil food web. Therefore, their community structure can provide important insights regarding many aspects of ecosystem function [7, 8]. The assemblage of plant and soil nematode species occurring in a natural or a managed ecosystem constitutes the nematode communit ...
... trophic consumer levels within the soil food web. Therefore, their community structure can provide important insights regarding many aspects of ecosystem function [7, 8]. The assemblage of plant and soil nematode species occurring in a natural or a managed ecosystem constitutes the nematode communit ...
Modeling nutrient transport and transformation by pool
... entering the pool were gravid (Berven, 1981). We determined clutch size by pairing females (average of 40 females each year; range 13–79) with a male in a pan of water and allowing them to deposit their eggs. After egg deposition, we counted the number of eggs in each clutch. We then used the relati ...
... entering the pool were gravid (Berven, 1981). We determined clutch size by pairing females (average of 40 females each year; range 13–79) with a male in a pan of water and allowing them to deposit their eggs. After egg deposition, we counted the number of eggs in each clutch. We then used the relati ...
Food Web Assembly at the Landscape Scale: Using Stable
... These authors have shown that food webs are composed of different energy channels based on discrete resources, which are often not homogeneously spread in space and time, thus influencing the different components of the food web in their own way. Moreover, spatial interactions among neighboring ecos ...
... These authors have shown that food webs are composed of different energy channels based on discrete resources, which are often not homogeneously spread in space and time, thus influencing the different components of the food web in their own way. Moreover, spatial interactions among neighboring ecos ...
The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm
... species. Biogeographers generally interpret vegetation patterns on the basis of differences in growth rates, deciduosity, rooting patterns, dispersal abilities, longevity, shade tolerance etc. (e.g. Daubenmire, 1978). Relative heterozygosity of competing species has seldom (ever?) been identified as ...
... species. Biogeographers generally interpret vegetation patterns on the basis of differences in growth rates, deciduosity, rooting patterns, dispersal abilities, longevity, shade tolerance etc. (e.g. Daubenmire, 1978). Relative heterozygosity of competing species has seldom (ever?) been identified as ...
(1999) Consequences of the Allee effect for behaviour, ecology and
... The marked differences between logistic growth and growth subject to Allee effects could have a profound influence on the population ecology of many species. The genetic consequences of population fragmentation are already well documented but these can be exacerbated by a range of less obvious Allee ...
... The marked differences between logistic growth and growth subject to Allee effects could have a profound influence on the population ecology of many species. The genetic consequences of population fragmentation are already well documented but these can be exacerbated by a range of less obvious Allee ...
Asymmetric effects of intra- and interspecific competition on a pond
... measurements of individuals, we tested whether there were differences in initial growth rates and maximum size between phenotypes. As we saw stronger effects of intraspecific competition (see Results), growth rates within each phenotype were also examined as a function of conspecific density using the ...
... measurements of individuals, we tested whether there were differences in initial growth rates and maximum size between phenotypes. As we saw stronger effects of intraspecific competition (see Results), growth rates within each phenotype were also examined as a function of conspecific density using the ...
Lesson Overview
... Economics and ecology share the same word root. Indeed, human economics and ecology are linked. Humans live within the biosphere and depend on ecological processes to provide such essentials as food and drinkable water that can be bought and sold for money. ...
... Economics and ecology share the same word root. Indeed, human economics and ecology are linked. Humans live within the biosphere and depend on ecological processes to provide such essentials as food and drinkable water that can be bought and sold for money. ...
Full-Text PDF
... races, or population [104], need to be integrated at all levels with ecological and evolutionary processes and conservation management considerations [34,35,105±108]. Understanding how climate change and landscape heterogeneity constrains or facilitates gene flow will certainly become a more importa ...
... races, or population [104], need to be integrated at all levels with ecological and evolutionary processes and conservation management considerations [34,35,105±108]. Understanding how climate change and landscape heterogeneity constrains or facilitates gene flow will certainly become a more importa ...
1. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor? A. the
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
... 78. A species that has a narrow range of tolerance to heat, such as a polar bear, should be able to adapt easily to changes in its habitat that occur with global warming. True ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.