Bipolar Cell
... The Stimulus • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure ...
... The Stimulus • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging techniques. Coherent oscillations, more generally neuronal sy ...
... challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging techniques. Coherent oscillations, more generally neuronal sy ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... post-synaptic potential; GPe = globus pallidus externus; GPi = globus pallidus internus; HFS = high frequency stimulation; IPSP = inhibitory post-synaptic potential; mGluR = multiple glutamate receptors; MPTP = 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; Pf = parafascic ...
... post-synaptic potential; GPe = globus pallidus externus; GPi = globus pallidus internus; HFS = high frequency stimulation; IPSP = inhibitory post-synaptic potential; mGluR = multiple glutamate receptors; MPTP = 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; Pf = parafascic ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... 1.1 Orientation selectivity The function of cortex can be studied by looking at its functional properties that first emerge at this level and that are absent in more upstream brain structures. Orientation selectivity (OS) is paradigmatic in this respect: Many neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1 ...
... 1.1 Orientation selectivity The function of cortex can be studied by looking at its functional properties that first emerge at this level and that are absent in more upstream brain structures. Orientation selectivity (OS) is paradigmatic in this respect: Many neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1 ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... However, it is not clear how the specific Pr at a given endbulb is regulated, or indeed if it is precisely regulated at all. To test this, Xu-Friedman and colleagues analyzed the plasticity of distinct endbulbs converging on the same bushy cell. They found that, strikingly, these had similar plastic ...
... However, it is not clear how the specific Pr at a given endbulb is regulated, or indeed if it is precisely regulated at all. To test this, Xu-Friedman and colleagues analyzed the plasticity of distinct endbulbs converging on the same bushy cell. They found that, strikingly, these had similar plastic ...
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... Absence seizures also originate in the thalamocortical system. Because they are generalized and involve large-scale synchrony, Jasper and Kershman (173) suggested that they may have foci in thalamic nuclei that widely project to cortex. This hypothesis was supported by chronic recordings during abse ...
... Absence seizures also originate in the thalamocortical system. Because they are generalized and involve large-scale synchrony, Jasper and Kershman (173) suggested that they may have foci in thalamic nuclei that widely project to cortex. This hypothesis was supported by chronic recordings during abse ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... between it and the caudate by comparing the different pixel intensities of the two structures. Appearing in the position formerly occupied by the nucleus accumbens (but in caudal traces, when the nucleus accumbens is no longer visible) the stria terminalis and terminal vein were noted and excluded i ...
... between it and the caudate by comparing the different pixel intensities of the two structures. Appearing in the position formerly occupied by the nucleus accumbens (but in caudal traces, when the nucleus accumbens is no longer visible) the stria terminalis and terminal vein were noted and excluded i ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... Systems, Goettingen, Germany) was raised against a recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein containing amino acid residues 510 – 582 of rat vGLUT2. The distribution of vGLUT2 immunolabeling was entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremea ...
... Systems, Goettingen, Germany) was raised against a recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein containing amino acid residues 510 – 582 of rat vGLUT2. The distribution of vGLUT2 immunolabeling was entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremea ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... neuronal response properties that culminate in the reorganization of cortical RFs. To explore the molecular basis of deafferentation-induced RF reorganization, we tracked changes in AMPA receptor (AMPAR), NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and GABAA receptor (GABAAR) levels in the deafferented somatosensory cort ...
... neuronal response properties that culminate in the reorganization of cortical RFs. To explore the molecular basis of deafferentation-induced RF reorganization, we tracked changes in AMPA receptor (AMPAR), NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and GABAA receptor (GABAAR) levels in the deafferented somatosensory cort ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... Indeed, since von Economo (1926) initially identified a lethargy in patients suffering from inflammatory lesions within the posterior hypothalamus, somnolence, hypersomnia, narcolepsy or coma has been repeatedly reported following lesions/inactivation of this region in several mammalian species (rev ...
... Indeed, since von Economo (1926) initially identified a lethargy in patients suffering from inflammatory lesions within the posterior hypothalamus, somnolence, hypersomnia, narcolepsy or coma has been repeatedly reported following lesions/inactivation of this region in several mammalian species (rev ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... In rats, cholinergic neurons contribute to the PPN projections to medullary and pontine reticular formation (Rye et al., 1988, JCN 269: 315). Some of these neurons send axon collaterals to the thalamus (Semba et al., 1990, Neuroscience, 38:643). In rats, PPN projections to cervical spinal cord o ...
... In rats, cholinergic neurons contribute to the PPN projections to medullary and pontine reticular formation (Rye et al., 1988, JCN 269: 315). Some of these neurons send axon collaterals to the thalamus (Semba et al., 1990, Neuroscience, 38:643). In rats, PPN projections to cervical spinal cord o ...
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... such as c-Fos in the brain, and the viral transneuronal labeling using pseudorabies virus make it possible to analyze the neurocircuitry of the stress-related central autonomic nervous system. Limbic systems (amygdala, lateral septum, infralimbic, insular, ventromedial temporal cortical regions), an ...
... such as c-Fos in the brain, and the viral transneuronal labeling using pseudorabies virus make it possible to analyze the neurocircuitry of the stress-related central autonomic nervous system. Limbic systems (amygdala, lateral septum, infralimbic, insular, ventromedial temporal cortical regions), an ...
Role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the ventromedial prefrontal
... Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Extinction ...
... Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Extinction ...
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... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... Coronal sections containing visual cortex were washed in TBS (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, 3 ⫻ 5 min) and then incubated in 100 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, (Sigma-Aldrich S1804) at 95°C for 10 min for antigen retrieval. Sections were allowed to cool to room temperature and then washed ...
... Coronal sections containing visual cortex were washed in TBS (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, 3 ⫻ 5 min) and then incubated in 100 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, (Sigma-Aldrich S1804) at 95°C for 10 min for antigen retrieval. Sections were allowed to cool to room temperature and then washed ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... or invertebrates), which approaches most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of a ...
... or invertebrates), which approaches most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of a ...
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... In humans, although there have been various neuroimaging studies on the cortical areas involved in saccade execution [23– 33], the investigation of the SC during the execution of saccadic eye movements has been limited to a few reports [25,34–36], mostly due to methodological challenges like insuffi ...
... In humans, although there have been various neuroimaging studies on the cortical areas involved in saccade execution [23– 33], the investigation of the SC during the execution of saccadic eye movements has been limited to a few reports [25,34–36], mostly due to methodological challenges like insuffi ...
Differential Impairment of Individuated Finger Movements in
... climbing, but were left with an inability to move the fingers independently when retrieving food morsels and grooming. These early observations have been extended using more quantitative techniques, such as force recordings and electromyography (Hepp-Reymond and Wiesendanger 1972; Hepp-Reymond et al ...
... climbing, but were left with an inability to move the fingers independently when retrieving food morsels and grooming. These early observations have been extended using more quantitative techniques, such as force recordings and electromyography (Hepp-Reymond and Wiesendanger 1972; Hepp-Reymond et al ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... were partitioned into three conditions: (i) the guilt-self condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to the participant, (ii) the guilt-other condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to someone other than the part ...
... were partitioned into three conditions: (i) the guilt-self condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to the participant, (ii) the guilt-other condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to someone other than the part ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...