The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
audition - Neuroanatomy
... Think of the adjacent graph as a map of hearing space. It shows how acute our hearing is for different sounds. The pitch (frequency) of pure tone sounds of varied frequency is plotted along the bottom on the X axis, progressing from low pitch to high pitch pure tones from left to right. The intensit ...
... Think of the adjacent graph as a map of hearing space. It shows how acute our hearing is for different sounds. The pitch (frequency) of pure tone sounds of varied frequency is plotted along the bottom on the X axis, progressing from low pitch to high pitch pure tones from left to right. The intensit ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... rewarded with half of a Froot Loop. The intertrial interval was 10 s, during which time the rat was moved to a new start arm and the new goal arm was loaded. The rat was considered to have learned the response when it made 90% correct responses over 10 trials. This criterion was chosen based on pi ...
... rewarded with half of a Froot Loop. The intertrial interval was 10 s, during which time the rat was moved to a new start arm and the new goal arm was loaded. The rat was considered to have learned the response when it made 90% correct responses over 10 trials. This criterion was chosen based on pi ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
DOPAMINERGIC AUGMENTATION of HUMAN FEAR EXTINCTION
... salivation). After a few pairings of a neutral stimulus (the bell) with the US, the neutral stimulus evokes a response that prepares the organism for the US. Through these pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS, the bell after conditioning), which evokes a conditioned re ...
... salivation). After a few pairings of a neutral stimulus (the bell) with the US, the neutral stimulus evokes a response that prepares the organism for the US. Through these pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS, the bell after conditioning), which evokes a conditioned re ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... saccades, and light anesthesia can give an illusion of elicited nystagmus because the eyes persistently drift back after each saccade. A given electrode site yields saccades with a characteristic direction and amplitude that are largely independent of stimulation parameters. For example, prolonged s ...
... saccades, and light anesthesia can give an illusion of elicited nystagmus because the eyes persistently drift back after each saccade. A given electrode site yields saccades with a characteristic direction and amplitude that are largely independent of stimulation parameters. For example, prolonged s ...
Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics
... furthest away from the monkey, of a box that housed the transducer. The free end of the plate sat on a microswitch. If the monkey rested its hand on the plate or applied forces to it, the switch would close and halt the task. This ensured that all force outputs at the hand were applied only to the r ...
... furthest away from the monkey, of a box that housed the transducer. The free end of the plate sat on a microswitch. If the monkey rested its hand on the plate or applied forces to it, the switch would close and halt the task. This ensured that all force outputs at the hand were applied only to the r ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... researchers also reported on many complex features of primary motor cortex organization, such as overlapping functional codes of different movements and dynamic changes of function performed by a particular cortical location. For example, Jackson (1873) noted that although a single part of the body ...
... researchers also reported on many complex features of primary motor cortex organization, such as overlapping functional codes of different movements and dynamic changes of function performed by a particular cortical location. For example, Jackson (1873) noted that although a single part of the body ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... Firstly, of the different experiments in the literature on A1 yet to explain, work on AS stands out for the availability of both psychophysical studies and neurophysiological ones, which gives us both a wealth of neuronal data with which to constrain our models and a bridge (albeit tenuous) to perce ...
... Firstly, of the different experiments in the literature on A1 yet to explain, work on AS stands out for the availability of both psychophysical studies and neurophysiological ones, which gives us both a wealth of neuronal data with which to constrain our models and a bridge (albeit tenuous) to perce ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restorati ...
... regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restorati ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
CNS 424 Block Educational Framework (Week 1)
... Identify the major lobes and regions of cerebellum. Summarize the structure of the cerebellar cortex Identify the deep cerebellar nuclei and their connections. List the afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum and their arrangement in cerebellar peduncles. Describe the major functions of ...
... Identify the major lobes and regions of cerebellum. Summarize the structure of the cerebellar cortex Identify the deep cerebellar nuclei and their connections. List the afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum and their arrangement in cerebellar peduncles. Describe the major functions of ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... The density of anterograde labeling in the wake-related cell groups was assessed using either two or three sections for each cell group at the following anterior (A) to posterior (P) levels (mm to bregma) according to the brain atlas by Paxinos and Watson (1998): MS-VDB (A 0.7 and A 0.2); HDB (A 0.1 ...
... The density of anterograde labeling in the wake-related cell groups was assessed using either two or three sections for each cell group at the following anterior (A) to posterior (P) levels (mm to bregma) according to the brain atlas by Paxinos and Watson (1998): MS-VDB (A 0.7 and A 0.2); HDB (A 0.1 ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... The activity of TRN changes dramatically during the sleep– wake cycle, shifting from spindle oscillations during slow-wave sleep that inhibit thalamocortical activity, to single-spike activity during wakefulness. These properties implicate TRN in attention, highlighted by TRN inhibition of thalamoco ...
... The activity of TRN changes dramatically during the sleep– wake cycle, shifting from spindle oscillations during slow-wave sleep that inhibit thalamocortical activity, to single-spike activity during wakefulness. These properties implicate TRN in attention, highlighted by TRN inhibition of thalamoco ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... (Krofczik et al. 2008). In contrast, the study by Müller et al. (2002) found that m-PNs are more specific (∼25 % activating odors) than l-PNs (∼50 %), albeit tested at the highest stimulus concentration (pure odors). The general result of a rather broad odor tuning at the level of PNs has been obser ...
... (Krofczik et al. 2008). In contrast, the study by Müller et al. (2002) found that m-PNs are more specific (∼25 % activating odors) than l-PNs (∼50 %), albeit tested at the highest stimulus concentration (pure odors). The general result of a rather broad odor tuning at the level of PNs has been obser ...
Complete Pattern of Ocular Dominance Columns in Human Primary
... caused by slight variations in section thickness or depth within layer 4C. The filtered image was then blurred with a Gaussian kernel to eliminate high-frequency components. A binary map of the ocular dominance columns was produced by applying a density threshold to the image at the modal gray valu ...
... caused by slight variations in section thickness or depth within layer 4C. The filtered image was then blurred with a Gaussian kernel to eliminate high-frequency components. A binary map of the ocular dominance columns was produced by applying a density threshold to the image at the modal gray valu ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... areas such as the parietal cortex including the retrosplenial cortex (which is part of the posterior cingulate cortex) that provide inputs via parahippocampal areas TF/TH to the hippocampus for its spatial (‘where’) functions in memory, which are described in Section 4. In a complementary way, the h ...
... areas such as the parietal cortex including the retrosplenial cortex (which is part of the posterior cingulate cortex) that provide inputs via parahippocampal areas TF/TH to the hippocampus for its spatial (‘where’) functions in memory, which are described in Section 4. In a complementary way, the h ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... Figure 1 Simplified block diagram of the basal ganglia and their principal connections. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are included in the light blue box and consist of the striatum, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the substantia nigra pars reticula ...
... Figure 1 Simplified block diagram of the basal ganglia and their principal connections. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are included in the light blue box and consist of the striatum, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the substantia nigra pars reticula ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... (barrel) cortex. Our results show that long-range excitatory inputs target vM1 pyramidal neurons in a layer-specific manner. Inputs from sensory-related cortical and thalamic areas preferentially target the upper-layer pyramidal neurons in vM1. In contrast, inputs from OC and M2, areas associated wi ...
... (barrel) cortex. Our results show that long-range excitatory inputs target vM1 pyramidal neurons in a layer-specific manner. Inputs from sensory-related cortical and thalamic areas preferentially target the upper-layer pyramidal neurons in vM1. In contrast, inputs from OC and M2, areas associated wi ...
Temporal reproduction and its neuroanatomical correlates in adults
... images were warped to the study-specific template then into the standard MNI space; 3) Jacobian modulation was applied to preserve information about local volumes; and 4) images were smoothed with an 8 mm full-width at half maximum kernel. A correlation analysis between grey matter volume and the om ...
... images were warped to the study-specific template then into the standard MNI space; 3) Jacobian modulation was applied to preserve information about local volumes; and 4) images were smoothed with an 8 mm full-width at half maximum kernel. A correlation analysis between grey matter volume and the om ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...