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... is readily distinguishable because of blanching of the tissue. Visual glare is because of the presence of saline on the brain surface during the procedure. This infarct technique produces sharply defined borders between ischemic and normally perfused tissue (indicated by blue boundary) and creates a ...
... is readily distinguishable because of blanching of the tissue. Visual glare is because of the presence of saline on the brain surface during the procedure. This infarct technique produces sharply defined borders between ischemic and normally perfused tissue (indicated by blue boundary) and creates a ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... In addition, identifying the rules and components of these pathways will lead to more precise identification of connections from fibers that are affected by pathology or targeted by invasive surgery (i.e., DBS). Our experiments had three objectives: first, delineate relationships between pathways fr ...
... In addition, identifying the rules and components of these pathways will lead to more precise identification of connections from fibers that are affected by pathology or targeted by invasive surgery (i.e., DBS). Our experiments had three objectives: first, delineate relationships between pathways fr ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... leaflet (IGL), also leads to the ventral region of SCN. In addition projections from the midbrain raphe terminate onto VIP and AVP neurons in both SCN regions, although they form more synaptic contacts in the ventral region [64–66]. 2.1. Electrophysiological Rhythms. The SCN neurons generate self-su ...
... leaflet (IGL), also leads to the ventral region of SCN. In addition projections from the midbrain raphe terminate onto VIP and AVP neurons in both SCN regions, although they form more synaptic contacts in the ventral region [64–66]. 2.1. Electrophysiological Rhythms. The SCN neurons generate self-su ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... electrophysiological recording techniques cannot densely probe neurons at this spatial resolution, while optical techniques to monitor neural physiology have been limited to use at the surface of the tissue. Recently, this has changed with the development of two photon microscopy and efficient calci ...
... electrophysiological recording techniques cannot densely probe neurons at this spatial resolution, while optical techniques to monitor neural physiology have been limited to use at the surface of the tissue. Recently, this has changed with the development of two photon microscopy and efficient calci ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
Topical Review
... sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons are in fact not neuron- or sprouting-specific: GAP43 is found in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and is induced i ...
... sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons are in fact not neuron- or sprouting-specific: GAP43 is found in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and is induced i ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... When the time constants of potentiation and depression in the window function are identical (Fig. 1B, E), STDP discourages the formation of short, mutually excitatory loops. Namely, if neuron A is predictive of the firing of neuron B, then neuron B cannot be predictive of the firing of neuron A and mu ...
... When the time constants of potentiation and depression in the window function are identical (Fig. 1B, E), STDP discourages the formation of short, mutually excitatory loops. Namely, if neuron A is predictive of the firing of neuron B, then neuron B cannot be predictive of the firing of neuron A and mu ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... In an additional experiment, cats were trained to discriminate the sounds coming from two different speakers (Huang and May 1996b). Again the cats were trained with broadband noise and tested with noise filtered to remove certain frequency bands. In this case, removing the signal energy above 18 kHz ...
... In an additional experiment, cats were trained to discriminate the sounds coming from two different speakers (Huang and May 1996b). Again the cats were trained with broadband noise and tested with noise filtered to remove certain frequency bands. In this case, removing the signal energy above 18 kHz ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... the thalamocortical network. However, the properties of synapses in this network have been less intensely studied. Deciphering the properties of these synapses is vital for understanding the thalamocortical network. Both, intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties contribute to the fact that the exc ...
... the thalamocortical network. However, the properties of synapses in this network have been less intensely studied. Deciphering the properties of these synapses is vital for understanding the thalamocortical network. Both, intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties contribute to the fact that the exc ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... motor nuclei were selected for analysis because they comprise areas of the brainstem that have been implicated in the mechanisms of generation of active sleep phenomena (for review, see Vertes, 1984; Siegel, 1989; Jones, 1991). Photomicrographs were taken using a Nikon Microphot FXA microscope under ...
... motor nuclei were selected for analysis because they comprise areas of the brainstem that have been implicated in the mechanisms of generation of active sleep phenomena (for review, see Vertes, 1984; Siegel, 1989; Jones, 1991). Photomicrographs were taken using a Nikon Microphot FXA microscope under ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... strengthens the association between cortical-like areas descending signals and basal ganglia neural ensembles, influencing long-term memory processes in line with a reward function (Wise 2004). Although the signal-to-noise ratio hypothesis is useful in understanding how behavioral and motivational ...
... strengthens the association between cortical-like areas descending signals and basal ganglia neural ensembles, influencing long-term memory processes in line with a reward function (Wise 2004). Although the signal-to-noise ratio hypothesis is useful in understanding how behavioral and motivational ...
Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention
... Expectations carry personal histories of experiences forward in time into new contexts to allow preparation for future events. Critically, expectations are not motivationally neutral; they anticipate rewarding properties of significance to fulfilling organismic needs and desires (Schmidt, Braun, Wag ...
... Expectations carry personal histories of experiences forward in time into new contexts to allow preparation for future events. Critically, expectations are not motivationally neutral; they anticipate rewarding properties of significance to fulfilling organismic needs and desires (Schmidt, Braun, Wag ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... mossy fibers originating in the basilar pontine nuclei. In addition, the cerebellum receives mossy fiber input from the red nucleus via the lateral reticular nucleus (which also has major spinal inputs) and from other sources. Mossy fibers terminate on the output nuclei of the cerebellum (the deep cere ...
... mossy fibers originating in the basilar pontine nuclei. In addition, the cerebellum receives mossy fiber input from the red nucleus via the lateral reticular nucleus (which also has major spinal inputs) and from other sources. Mossy fibers terminate on the output nuclei of the cerebellum (the deep cere ...
Five Sources of a Dorsal Root Potential: Their Interactions and
... single shock to the myelinated fibers in the sural nerve produced a DRP on the L6 dorsal root after the arrival in the cord of the afferent volley. The shape of this DRP was similar to that produced by dorsal root stimulation. Repetitive stimulation of the myelinated fibers in the gastrocnemius nerv ...
... single shock to the myelinated fibers in the sural nerve produced a DRP on the L6 dorsal root after the arrival in the cord of the afferent volley. The shape of this DRP was similar to that produced by dorsal root stimulation. Repetitive stimulation of the myelinated fibers in the gastrocnemius nerv ...
α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
Selective amplification of the S
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
Slides - Computational Brain Imaging Group
... Response to Analgesic Treatment • Effects of stimulus intensity (painful vs warm), administration of remifentanil (drug concentration), and manner of drug administration (Open vs Hidden) on the signature response were tested in Study 4 • For each of the open and hidden trial series, activation maps ...
... Response to Analgesic Treatment • Effects of stimulus intensity (painful vs warm), administration of remifentanil (drug concentration), and manner of drug administration (Open vs Hidden) on the signature response were tested in Study 4 • For each of the open and hidden trial series, activation maps ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... nervosa showed to have a reduced response in the insula and other related region’s when given the sweet taste6. Besides, recovered women were not really able to give a good relation between how they judged the sweetness of taste and the activity of the insula6. The control group, however, did make t ...
... nervosa showed to have a reduced response in the insula and other related region’s when given the sweet taste6. Besides, recovered women were not really able to give a good relation between how they judged the sweetness of taste and the activity of the insula6. The control group, however, did make t ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... et al., 2007; Roesch et al., 2010a,b; Tye et al., 2010). In other words, ABL neurons increase firing when outcomes are unexpectedly delivered or omitted, events that are highly salient and attention grabbing. We have shown that activity in ABL increases when rewards are unexpectedly delivered (appet ...
... et al., 2007; Roesch et al., 2010a,b; Tye et al., 2010). In other words, ABL neurons increase firing when outcomes are unexpectedly delivered or omitted, events that are highly salient and attention grabbing. We have shown that activity in ABL increases when rewards are unexpectedly delivered (appet ...