Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... Detailed physiological comparisons of response properties would be unlikely to establish the P and M channel contributions to extrastriate visual areas, in any case. While the distributions of P and M cell sensitivities differ for many stimulus dimensions, they overlap considerably (e.g., Derrington ...
... Detailed physiological comparisons of response properties would be unlikely to establish the P and M channel contributions to extrastriate visual areas, in any case. While the distributions of P and M cell sensitivities differ for many stimulus dimensions, they overlap considerably (e.g., Derrington ...
Experimental Brain Research 221(1)
... area (MIP) (Johnson et al. 1996; Eskandar and Assad 1999), area 5 (Kalaska 1996; Ferraina et al. 2001), area 7A (MacKay 1992; Johnson et al. 1996; Battaglia-Mayer et al. 2000), V6A (situated between V6 and MIP within the superior parietal cortex near the junction of the dorsal parieto-occipital sulc ...
... area (MIP) (Johnson et al. 1996; Eskandar and Assad 1999), area 5 (Kalaska 1996; Ferraina et al. 2001), area 7A (MacKay 1992; Johnson et al. 1996; Battaglia-Mayer et al. 2000), V6A (situated between V6 and MIP within the superior parietal cortex near the junction of the dorsal parieto-occipital sulc ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... pseudo-randomly determined. Under all conditions, a trial was cancelled if the monkeys released the hold button before Go signal or failed to keep gazing at the fixation point before delivery of the reward. Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal ...
... pseudo-randomly determined. Under all conditions, a trial was cancelled if the monkeys released the hold button before Go signal or failed to keep gazing at the fixation point before delivery of the reward. Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... systematic variance of the response. The modelled results (full red line) are seen to capture the increase in first-spike latency, averaged across directions, as a function of decreasing intensity. The nonlinear dependence on η was introduced in order to modulate the width parameter κ of the spheric ...
... systematic variance of the response. The modelled results (full red line) are seen to capture the increase in first-spike latency, averaged across directions, as a function of decreasing intensity. The nonlinear dependence on η was introduced in order to modulate the width parameter κ of the spheric ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... respond only to the pleasantness of a sensory stimulus, and not to its identity, to its meaning, or to the context in which the stimulus appears. When neurons encode only one variable, other neurons may easily read out the information represented, and the representation can, in principle, be modified ...
... respond only to the pleasantness of a sensory stimulus, and not to its identity, to its meaning, or to the context in which the stimulus appears. When neurons encode only one variable, other neurons may easily read out the information represented, and the representation can, in principle, be modified ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... series of experiments, animals were anesthetized with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate and were maintained in deep anesthesia with additional intravenous injections of chloral hydrate. After cannulation of the femoral vein, animals were stationed in a stereotaxic instrument. The skull over the PAG, medulla ...
... series of experiments, animals were anesthetized with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate and were maintained in deep anesthesia with additional intravenous injections of chloral hydrate. After cannulation of the femoral vein, animals were stationed in a stereotaxic instrument. The skull over the PAG, medulla ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons from trained animals after delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) were reported (Disterhoft et al., 1986). After trace EBC, a hippocampal-dependent task requiring hundreds of tr ...
... of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons from trained animals after delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) were reported (Disterhoft et al., 1986). After trace EBC, a hippocampal-dependent task requiring hundreds of tr ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... readily-localizable CS (e.g. a light-lever combination) with the presentation of an appetitive reinforcer through pavlovian conditioning. During training, the CS comes to elicit approach responses that may be directed towards the CS itself (termed sign-tracking) or towards the location in which the ...
... readily-localizable CS (e.g. a light-lever combination) with the presentation of an appetitive reinforcer through pavlovian conditioning. During training, the CS comes to elicit approach responses that may be directed towards the CS itself (termed sign-tracking) or towards the location in which the ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the present study we showed that this number also incr ...
... affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the present study we showed that this number also incr ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... the motor system: (a) sensory, which mediate reflex behavior; (b) cortical, which mediate cognition and voluntary behavior; and (c) behavioral state control (Fig. 1). Turning now to the hierarchical organization of the motor system itself, the clinical observations and theories of John Hughlings Jac ...
... the motor system: (a) sensory, which mediate reflex behavior; (b) cortical, which mediate cognition and voluntary behavior; and (c) behavioral state control (Fig. 1). Turning now to the hierarchical organization of the motor system itself, the clinical observations and theories of John Hughlings Jac ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... the motor system: (a) sensory, which mediate reflex behavior; (b) cortical, which mediate cognition and voluntary behavior; and (c) behavioral state control (Fig. 1). Turning now to the hierarchical organization of the motor system itself, the clinical observations and theories of John Hughlings Jac ...
... the motor system: (a) sensory, which mediate reflex behavior; (b) cortical, which mediate cognition and voluntary behavior; and (c) behavioral state control (Fig. 1). Turning now to the hierarchical organization of the motor system itself, the clinical observations and theories of John Hughlings Jac ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... networks during the depolarizing phase of the slow cortical oscillation: field potential recordings from the thalamus Initially, we performed multi-site recordings of field potentials and intracellular activities from neocortical areas, simultaneously with field potential recordings from thalamic fo ...
... networks during the depolarizing phase of the slow cortical oscillation: field potential recordings from the thalamus Initially, we performed multi-site recordings of field potentials and intracellular activities from neocortical areas, simultaneously with field potential recordings from thalamic fo ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... The loss of cortical cholinergic fibers in Alzheimer's disease was investigated using choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Within both the normal and Alzheimer's cerebral cortex, the two methods revealed an identical pattern of fiber staining. In th ...
... The loss of cortical cholinergic fibers in Alzheimer's disease was investigated using choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Within both the normal and Alzheimer's cerebral cortex, the two methods revealed an identical pattern of fiber staining. In th ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... important role in the development of the brain. Sensory experiences continue to exert a strong influence on the functional connectivity of neuronal circuits, especially in the cerebral cortex, allowing for learning and adaptation to an ever changing environment. The visual system provides a convenie ...
... important role in the development of the brain. Sensory experiences continue to exert a strong influence on the functional connectivity of neuronal circuits, especially in the cerebral cortex, allowing for learning and adaptation to an ever changing environment. The visual system provides a convenie ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... visual system are produced in rapid succession after the motor nuclei. In the nucleus of Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the ...
... visual system are produced in rapid succession after the motor nuclei. In the nucleus of Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the ...
The central nervous system.
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
Overtraining Does Not Mitigate Contextual Fear Conditioning
... Materials and methods Subjects. The subjects were 64 adult male L ong–Evans rats (200 –224 gm) obtained and housed as described in experiment 1. Apparatus and procedure. The behavioral apparatus was identical to that described in experiment 1. The rats were randomly assigned to a 2 3 2 (lesion 3 tri ...
... Materials and methods Subjects. The subjects were 64 adult male L ong–Evans rats (200 –224 gm) obtained and housed as described in experiment 1. Apparatus and procedure. The behavioral apparatus was identical to that described in experiment 1. The rats were randomly assigned to a 2 3 2 (lesion 3 tri ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... Motor neurons of the spinal cord carry the movement, sending instructions to the part of the spinal cord that controls the the message to the muscles of the hand muscles of the arm and hand. As the handle of the cup is grasped, information from and arm. Sensory information from the sensory receptors ...
... Motor neurons of the spinal cord carry the movement, sending instructions to the part of the spinal cord that controls the the message to the muscles of the hand muscles of the arm and hand. As the handle of the cup is grasped, information from and arm. Sensory information from the sensory receptors ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellular or molecular mechanisms that drive nucleus formation during development, a process termed nucleogenesis [2–5]. Brainst ...
... neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellular or molecular mechanisms that drive nucleus formation during development, a process termed nucleogenesis [2–5]. Brainst ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... G. et al., 1999; Matelli, M. and Luppino, G., 2001; Tanne-Gariepy, J. T. et al., 2002; Rizzolatti, G. and Matelli, M., 2003). Neurons in the IPL also receive somatosensory information, but it arrives not from the primary somatic sensory cortex, but from area 5 and S-II cortex. Actions of the arm are ...
... G. et al., 1999; Matelli, M. and Luppino, G., 2001; Tanne-Gariepy, J. T. et al., 2002; Rizzolatti, G. and Matelli, M., 2003). Neurons in the IPL also receive somatosensory information, but it arrives not from the primary somatic sensory cortex, but from area 5 and S-II cortex. Actions of the arm are ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... made visually guided saccades to a peripheral sine-wave grating stimulus positioned at one of 40 ...
... made visually guided saccades to a peripheral sine-wave grating stimulus positioned at one of 40 ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... corticotectal pathway in rat synapses only with small dendrites and dendritic spines, but in both cat and monkey it also forms serial synapses. In degeneration it undergoes the primary dense reaction only in rat, ground squirrel, and cat, but in monkey it also undergoes the neurofilamentous reaction ...
... corticotectal pathway in rat synapses only with small dendrites and dendritic spines, but in both cat and monkey it also forms serial synapses. In degeneration it undergoes the primary dense reaction only in rat, ground squirrel, and cat, but in monkey it also undergoes the neurofilamentous reaction ...