Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple
... are generally not expressed within morphologically or physiologically defined areas. Lineage analysis in the telencephalon has demonstrated that siblings spread over great distances to give rise to neurons in functionally and anatomically unrelated parts of the cerebral cortex (Walsh and Cepko, 1992 ...
... are generally not expressed within morphologically or physiologically defined areas. Lineage analysis in the telencephalon has demonstrated that siblings spread over great distances to give rise to neurons in functionally and anatomically unrelated parts of the cerebral cortex (Walsh and Cepko, 1992 ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
Neural realisation of the SP theory
... 2.4 Production of sentences and other patterns An attractive feature of the SP system is that, without any modification, it can support the production of language (or other patterns of knowledge) as well as its analysis. If SP61 is run again, with the sentence in New replaced by the encoded form of ...
... 2.4 Production of sentences and other patterns An attractive feature of the SP system is that, without any modification, it can support the production of language (or other patterns of knowledge) as well as its analysis. If SP61 is run again, with the sentence in New replaced by the encoded form of ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... the neuronal firing patterns associated with the correct and error trials were significantly different from each another while holding either the object or the choice factor constant. For example, the trials associated with the toy category were sorted into correct and error trial types (associated ...
... the neuronal firing patterns associated with the correct and error trials were significantly different from each another while holding either the object or the choice factor constant. For example, the trials associated with the toy category were sorted into correct and error trial types (associated ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... Simulated synaptic input. Dynamic clamping was used to inject a current (Iinj) at the cell soma that mimics the synaptic current of several hundred input neurons. The injected current was calculated during the recordings on the basis of the following equation: Iinj ⫽ (Eex ⫺ Vm) * Gex ⫹ (Ein ⫺ Vm) * ...
... Simulated synaptic input. Dynamic clamping was used to inject a current (Iinj) at the cell soma that mimics the synaptic current of several hundred input neurons. The injected current was calculated during the recordings on the basis of the following equation: Iinj ⫽ (Eex ⫺ Vm) * Gex ⫹ (Ein ⫺ Vm) * ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... and UCS information converges. Plasticity in the BLA is critical for fear conditioning (Romanski, Clugnet, Bordi & LeDoux, 1993). The central nucleus (CeA) of the amygdala is also an important structure involved in fear learning. The CeA is the primary output structure of the amygdala (Veening, Swan ...
... and UCS information converges. Plasticity in the BLA is critical for fear conditioning (Romanski, Clugnet, Bordi & LeDoux, 1993). The central nucleus (CeA) of the amygdala is also an important structure involved in fear learning. The CeA is the primary output structure of the amygdala (Veening, Swan ...
(2007) The most superficial sublamina of rat superior colluculus
... review, see Stein et al. 2004) and generate motor commands for eye saccades and other attention-directed movements (for review, see Wurtz and Optican 1994). In addition, the SGS1 projects to the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, thus conveying information to the extrastriate visual cortex in paral ...
... review, see Stein et al. 2004) and generate motor commands for eye saccades and other attention-directed movements (for review, see Wurtz and Optican 1994). In addition, the SGS1 projects to the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, thus conveying information to the extrastriate visual cortex in paral ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... elements exemplified by the basic temporaldifference (TD) algorithm (Sutton and Barto, 1998). Briefly, TD-RL algorithms, such as the actor–critic variant, operate on a set of distinct situations or states (such as being in a particular location, or the presentation of a tone stimulus; this set is kn ...
... elements exemplified by the basic temporaldifference (TD) algorithm (Sutton and Barto, 1998). Briefly, TD-RL algorithms, such as the actor–critic variant, operate on a set of distinct situations or states (such as being in a particular location, or the presentation of a tone stimulus; this set is kn ...
IV. Model Application: the UAV Autonomous Learning in Unknown
... generality for machine learning, while most of them are mathematical optimization driven approaches, and lack of cognitive evidence. In order to provide a more cognitive driven foundation, in this paper, we develop a basal ganglia network centric autonomous learning model. Compared to existing work ...
... generality for machine learning, while most of them are mathematical optimization driven approaches, and lack of cognitive evidence. In order to provide a more cognitive driven foundation, in this paper, we develop a basal ganglia network centric autonomous learning model. Compared to existing work ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay
... a bid trial and once in a forced trial. These trials were fully randomized that their WTP for them is greater or equal than zero). The foods were within and across subjects. Both types of trials had an equal probability of presented to the subjects using high-resolution color pictures (72 dpi). bein ...
... a bid trial and once in a forced trial. These trials were fully randomized that their WTP for them is greater or equal than zero). The foods were within and across subjects. Both types of trials had an equal probability of presented to the subjects using high-resolution color pictures (72 dpi). bein ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... exposed to a 5- or 35-kHz sound stimulus through a speaker (SRS3050A; Stax) placed above the cage. The exposure sound consisted of an amplitude-modulated tone with a carrier frequency of 5 or 35 kHz and modulation frequency of 20 Hz. Duration of the tones was 500 ms, and a rise/fall time was 10 ms. ...
... exposed to a 5- or 35-kHz sound stimulus through a speaker (SRS3050A; Stax) placed above the cage. The exposure sound consisted of an amplitude-modulated tone with a carrier frequency of 5 or 35 kHz and modulation frequency of 20 Hz. Duration of the tones was 500 ms, and a rise/fall time was 10 ms. ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... ml/min and delivered by a Shimadzu LC-10AT pump. Extracellular levels of amino acids were estimated by rationing peak areas of each amino acid and their respective external standard (analytical software class LC10; Shimadzu). The running time for each determination was 30 min. Histology. At the end ...
... ml/min and delivered by a Shimadzu LC-10AT pump. Extracellular levels of amino acids were estimated by rationing peak areas of each amino acid and their respective external standard (analytical software class LC10; Shimadzu). The running time for each determination was 30 min. Histology. At the end ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... and 910 msec interstimulus interval). Results: Before training, subjects perceived both the ⴚ20 msec and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimuli as /ba/. Through training, subjects learned to identify the ⴚ20 msec VOT stimulus as “mba” and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimulus as “ba.” As subjects learned to correctly identify the di ...
... and 910 msec interstimulus interval). Results: Before training, subjects perceived both the ⴚ20 msec and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimuli as /ba/. Through training, subjects learned to identify the ⴚ20 msec VOT stimulus as “mba” and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimulus as “ba.” As subjects learned to correctly identify the di ...
Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy
... To summarize, SMR activity reflects synchronized thalamocortical oscillations initiated by reduced proprioceptive input to ventrobasal thalamus, resulting from decreased background muscle and reflex tone and suppressed movement. In the context of directed attention, these oscillations project strong ...
... To summarize, SMR activity reflects synchronized thalamocortical oscillations initiated by reduced proprioceptive input to ventrobasal thalamus, resulting from decreased background muscle and reflex tone and suppressed movement. In the context of directed attention, these oscillations project strong ...
The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency
... We examined the possibility that neurons or groups of neurons along the retino-cortical transmission chain have properties of tuned oscillators. To this end, we studied the resonance properties of the retino-thalamo-cortical system of anaesthetized cats by entraining responses with flicker stimuli o ...
... We examined the possibility that neurons or groups of neurons along the retino-cortical transmission chain have properties of tuned oscillators. To this end, we studied the resonance properties of the retino-thalamo-cortical system of anaesthetized cats by entraining responses with flicker stimuli o ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Portfors et al., 2009; Portfors and Wenstrup, 2002). This strategy could effectively reduce the large number of combinations to test, but also induced large variation in the frequency values tested in a study. With such limitations, it was not addressed whether UHFs are encoded in a generally organi ...
... Portfors et al., 2009; Portfors and Wenstrup, 2002). This strategy could effectively reduce the large number of combinations to test, but also induced large variation in the frequency values tested in a study. With such limitations, it was not addressed whether UHFs are encoded in a generally organi ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
Author`s personal copy - University of Queensland
... of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems in the microchiropteran Miniopterus schreibersii, and the megachiropteran Rousettus aegyptiacus, which defined several further differences between the mega- and microchiropterans lending further support for the diphyletic origin of the Ch ...
... of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems in the microchiropteran Miniopterus schreibersii, and the megachiropteran Rousettus aegyptiacus, which defined several further differences between the mega- and microchiropterans lending further support for the diphyletic origin of the Ch ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
... Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoh ...
... Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoh ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... ear learning is a highly adaptive, evolutionarily conserved process that allows one to respond appropriately to cues associated with danger. In the case of psychiatric disorders, however, fear may persist long after an environmental threat has passed. This unremitting and often debilitating form of ...
... ear learning is a highly adaptive, evolutionarily conserved process that allows one to respond appropriately to cues associated with danger. In the case of psychiatric disorders, however, fear may persist long after an environmental threat has passed. This unremitting and often debilitating form of ...