Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... corresponding output patterns, Y1, Y2, and Y3. In these input and Left, a highly simplified model is used to illustrate how a synaptic output patterns 1 and 0 represent an action potential or no action matrix can store memory. In this synaptic matrix, axons of five potential, respectively. The integ ...
... corresponding output patterns, Y1, Y2, and Y3. In these input and Left, a highly simplified model is used to illustrate how a synaptic output patterns 1 and 0 represent an action potential or no action matrix can store memory. In this synaptic matrix, axons of five potential, respectively. The integ ...
Transgenic mice overexpressing the full
... decreases LC firing and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines) expression (Smith et al., 1995), and behavioral manipulations that decrease stress, such as postnatal handling modulate the responses of the noradrenergic system (Escorihuela et al., 1995a,b; B ...
... decreases LC firing and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines) expression (Smith et al., 1995), and behavioral manipulations that decrease stress, such as postnatal handling modulate the responses of the noradrenergic system (Escorihuela et al., 1995a,b; B ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... what extent the computational function of a neuron is determined by its individual type or by its circuit connections. We created electrophysiological profiles from pyramidal neurons within the sole cellular layer of turtle visual cortex by measuring responses to current injection using whole-cell r ...
... what extent the computational function of a neuron is determined by its individual type or by its circuit connections. We created electrophysiological profiles from pyramidal neurons within the sole cellular layer of turtle visual cortex by measuring responses to current injection using whole-cell r ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... observed with Ki67 immunostaining, further confirming a decrease in proliferation (Fig. 2 D). As previous studies have shown that DISC1 knockdown causes premature neuronal differentiation (Mao et al., 2009), we investigated whether our mutations have similar effects. We identified cells that had lef ...
... observed with Ki67 immunostaining, further confirming a decrease in proliferation (Fig. 2 D). As previous studies have shown that DISC1 knockdown causes premature neuronal differentiation (Mao et al., 2009), we investigated whether our mutations have similar effects. We identified cells that had lef ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... are asymmetric in form. While dendrite 2 has a relatively uniform thickness of about 1 9.m the surprising feature of dendrite I is the very thin middle segment. In this segment, including the place where it receives the degenerating geniculocortical axon terminal, the diameter of the dendrite is onl ...
... are asymmetric in form. While dendrite 2 has a relatively uniform thickness of about 1 9.m the surprising feature of dendrite I is the very thin middle segment. In this segment, including the place where it receives the degenerating geniculocortical axon terminal, the diameter of the dendrite is onl ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... in the forms of raster dots referenced to different task events (visual stimuli, bar release, target contact), together with analog displays of EOGs. The electrode was advanced to isolate a neuron while the monkey performed the task. This was particularly useful for improving the detection of striat ...
... in the forms of raster dots referenced to different task events (visual stimuli, bar release, target contact), together with analog displays of EOGs. The electrode was advanced to isolate a neuron while the monkey performed the task. This was particularly useful for improving the detection of striat ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... solving the problem of ‘action selection’ or ‘decision making’. In the case of highly practiced tasks, these regions include cortical areas hypothesized to integrate evidence supporting alternative actions, and the basal ganglia, hypothesised to act as a central ‘switch’ in gating behavioural reques ...
... solving the problem of ‘action selection’ or ‘decision making’. In the case of highly practiced tasks, these regions include cortical areas hypothesized to integrate evidence supporting alternative actions, and the basal ganglia, hypothesised to act as a central ‘switch’ in gating behavioural reques ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... V1. Indeed, our evaluation of the topographic organization of the BSR was based on systematic comparisons between RFs obtained with CE vs. IE stimulation. We favored this strategy because comparisons could be made for the same recording and not across recordings, as would be the case, for example, w ...
... V1. Indeed, our evaluation of the topographic organization of the BSR was based on systematic comparisons between RFs obtained with CE vs. IE stimulation. We favored this strategy because comparisons could be made for the same recording and not across recordings, as would be the case, for example, w ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... Discrete retinal lesions of 6±128 diameter were placed in the left eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were prod ...
... Discrete retinal lesions of 6±128 diameter were placed in the left eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were prod ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... tational model of the contributions of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia to working memory. We find that the somewhat Byzantine nature of the anatomical loops connecting the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia make good computational sense in terms of a well-defined characterization of workin ...
... tational model of the contributions of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia to working memory. We find that the somewhat Byzantine nature of the anatomical loops connecting the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia make good computational sense in terms of a well-defined characterization of workin ...
On the use of cognitive maps - David Redish
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... nucleus of the amygdala (BA), which in turn projects to the CE. Following CS presentation, the prelimbic cortex might transform phasic signals from the LA into sustained prelimbic firing that directly influences fear expression via its CE projections. Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often ...
... nucleus of the amygdala (BA), which in turn projects to the CE. Following CS presentation, the prelimbic cortex might transform phasic signals from the LA into sustained prelimbic firing that directly influences fear expression via its CE projections. Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... gyrus without causing damage to CA3/4 due to its proximity to the dentate gyrus. Therefore, it would not be feasible to use ibotenic acid to lesion the dentate gyrus. In addition, it is not reasonable to use colchicine to lesion CA1 because of the selectivity of the drug and the high doses that woul ...
... gyrus without causing damage to CA3/4 due to its proximity to the dentate gyrus. Therefore, it would not be feasible to use ibotenic acid to lesion the dentate gyrus. In addition, it is not reasonable to use colchicine to lesion CA1 because of the selectivity of the drug and the high doses that woul ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... underlying emotional associative learning is Pavlovian conditioning. During a typical Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm, a previously neutral stimulus, such as a tone (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock ( ...
... underlying emotional associative learning is Pavlovian conditioning. During a typical Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm, a previously neutral stimulus, such as a tone (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock ( ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
Distinct Mechanisms for Processing Spatial Sequences and Pitch
... before further processing of those specific attributes in distinct cortical areas (Griffiths and Warren, 2002). PT is a large region of auditory association cortex, occupying the superior temporal plane posterior to Heschl’s gyrus (HG) (Westbury et al., 1999). PT is involved in processing many diffe ...
... before further processing of those specific attributes in distinct cortical areas (Griffiths and Warren, 2002). PT is a large region of auditory association cortex, occupying the superior temporal plane posterior to Heschl’s gyrus (HG) (Westbury et al., 1999). PT is involved in processing many diffe ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... animals. They discovered series of newly relays in direct electrical stimulation of a cat's brainstem kown as ''ascending reticular activating system'' (RAS), and proposed that a column of cells surrounding the midbrain reticular formation received input from all the ascending tracts of the brain st ...
... animals. They discovered series of newly relays in direct electrical stimulation of a cat's brainstem kown as ''ascending reticular activating system'' (RAS), and proposed that a column of cells surrounding the midbrain reticular formation received input from all the ascending tracts of the brain st ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can support this response. These neurons typically could not be driven by small spots presented on the tangent screen (at 57 cm). 5. ...
... very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can support this response. These neurons typically could not be driven by small spots presented on the tangent screen (at 57 cm). 5. ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... activation occurred via sensory collaterals acting on the brain stem R.F. Further evidence preceding the 1949 paper of Magoun and Moruzzi included the discovery by Magoun, Lindsey, and Bowden (1949) that basal diencephalic injury produced more profound EEG sleep changes than did the cerveau isol~ pr ...
... activation occurred via sensory collaterals acting on the brain stem R.F. Further evidence preceding the 1949 paper of Magoun and Moruzzi included the discovery by Magoun, Lindsey, and Bowden (1949) that basal diencephalic injury produced more profound EEG sleep changes than did the cerveau isol~ pr ...
Hypothalamic Circadian Organization in Birds. I. Anatomy
... quail. Circadian oscillators that may act as pacemakers are present in the pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus. Oscillators may interact with each other by hormonal signals (hatched arrow from pineal to hypothalamus), neural signal pathways (hatched arrow from hypothalamus to pineal) or b ...
... quail. Circadian oscillators that may act as pacemakers are present in the pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus. Oscillators may interact with each other by hormonal signals (hatched arrow from pineal to hypothalamus), neural signal pathways (hatched arrow from hypothalamus to pineal) or b ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... Wherever possible, patients underwent either an MRI scan, or a CT scan of the brain to exclude any significant cerebral atrophy or ventricular dilation, which may have affected the stereotactic normalization of the PET scans (see below). MRI images were acquired using a Picker 1.0 Tesla HPQ Vista MR ...
... Wherever possible, patients underwent either an MRI scan, or a CT scan of the brain to exclude any significant cerebral atrophy or ventricular dilation, which may have affected the stereotactic normalization of the PET scans (see below). MRI images were acquired using a Picker 1.0 Tesla HPQ Vista MR ...