hypothalamus, pit..
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... axonal terminations were expansive, spreading into the parvicellular basolateral nucleus, which is robustly connected with hypothalamic autonomic structures, suggesting that they may in£uence the expressive emotional system of the amygdala. On the other hand, orbitofrontal axons heavily targeted the ...
... axonal terminations were expansive, spreading into the parvicellular basolateral nucleus, which is robustly connected with hypothalamic autonomic structures, suggesting that they may in£uence the expressive emotional system of the amygdala. On the other hand, orbitofrontal axons heavily targeted the ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... stimulation is closely dependent on the frequency of the stimuli: the PPN, as well as other mesopontine sites, requires a train of stimuli delivered at 40-60 Hz before locomotion develops, in comparison to other locomotor regions, which require lower frequencies. Similarly, the effect of PPN stimula ...
... stimulation is closely dependent on the frequency of the stimuli: the PPN, as well as other mesopontine sites, requires a train of stimuli delivered at 40-60 Hz before locomotion develops, in comparison to other locomotor regions, which require lower frequencies. Similarly, the effect of PPN stimula ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... network generating the cough reflex were introduced by Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respirat ...
... network generating the cough reflex were introduced by Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respirat ...
Stereologic analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the
... with schizophrenia may be channel-specific. The majority of findings in schizophrenic subjects suggest that deficits are more prominent in the magnocellular pathway or in the dorsal stream which would also implicate magnocellular processing (Green et al., 1994a,b; O'Donnell et al., 1996; Cadenhead e ...
... with schizophrenia may be channel-specific. The majority of findings in schizophrenic subjects suggest that deficits are more prominent in the magnocellular pathway or in the dorsal stream which would also implicate magnocellular processing (Green et al., 1994a,b; O'Donnell et al., 1996; Cadenhead e ...
final scientific program
... Welcome to AREADNE 2014, the fifth AREADNE Conference on Research in Encoding and Decoding of Neural Ensembles. One of the fundamental problems in neuroscience today is to understand how the activation of large populations of neurons gives rise to the higher order functions of the brain including le ...
... Welcome to AREADNE 2014, the fifth AREADNE Conference on Research in Encoding and Decoding of Neural Ensembles. One of the fundamental problems in neuroscience today is to understand how the activation of large populations of neurons gives rise to the higher order functions of the brain including le ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... The LHb establishes descending connectivity with numerous monoaminergic nuclei in the mid- and hindbrain. A major projection, especially from the medial LHb, innervates the median and dorsal raphe; LHb activity inhibits the raphe (Wang & Aghajanian 1977), probably as a result of activation of GABAer ...
... The LHb establishes descending connectivity with numerous monoaminergic nuclei in the mid- and hindbrain. A major projection, especially from the medial LHb, innervates the median and dorsal raphe; LHb activity inhibits the raphe (Wang & Aghajanian 1977), probably as a result of activation of GABAer ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... nia and seizures culminating in an early death between 14 and 36 years (Santavuori et al., 1993; Santavuori et al., 1982). Although the function of the CLN5 protein has remained elusive, the consensus view is that its predominant form is a soluble lysosomal protein (Sleat et al., 2005). Several anim ...
... nia and seizures culminating in an early death between 14 and 36 years (Santavuori et al., 1993; Santavuori et al., 1982). Although the function of the CLN5 protein has remained elusive, the consensus view is that its predominant form is a soluble lysosomal protein (Sleat et al., 2005). Several anim ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... neurons that extends into layer 2/3. In contrast, the axon of both types of neurons spans the cortex from layer 1 to layer 6. The most prominent axonal projections are those to layers 4 and 2/3 where they are largely restricted to a single cortical column. In layers 5 and 6, a small fraction of axon ...
... neurons that extends into layer 2/3. In contrast, the axon of both types of neurons spans the cortex from layer 1 to layer 6. The most prominent axonal projections are those to layers 4 and 2/3 where they are largely restricted to a single cortical column. In layers 5 and 6, a small fraction of axon ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... 2013), over-exercise (Epling et al. 1983; Davis et al. 1997, 1999; Hebebrand and Bulik 2011; Zunker et al. 2011; Gutierrez 2013), and anxiety (Kaye et al. 2004; Perdereau et al. 2008; Dellava et al. 2010; Thornton et al. 2011; Wable et al. 2015). Importantly, although ABA is induced by the initial i ...
... 2013), over-exercise (Epling et al. 1983; Davis et al. 1997, 1999; Hebebrand and Bulik 2011; Zunker et al. 2011; Gutierrez 2013), and anxiety (Kaye et al. 2004; Perdereau et al. 2008; Dellava et al. 2010; Thornton et al. 2011; Wable et al. 2015). Importantly, although ABA is induced by the initial i ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
Dynamic shaping of dopamine signals during probabilistic
... that represented positive and negative reward-prediction errors asymmetrically, which may be a consequence of the low tonic firing rate of dopamine neurons (Bayer & Glimcher, 2005). The Niv et al. (2005) model predicts that while the variance signal can be observed in the responses of dopamine neuron ...
... that represented positive and negative reward-prediction errors asymmetrically, which may be a consequence of the low tonic firing rate of dopamine neurons (Bayer & Glimcher, 2005). The Niv et al. (2005) model predicts that while the variance signal can be observed in the responses of dopamine neuron ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... Hand motor activity We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s ...
... Hand motor activity We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
... because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), direct gaze to conspicuous and informative features in the scen ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... and memory. The conclusions of most of these studies were based on the assumption that MCPG blocks the actions of glutamate at PI-coupled mGluRs in the cerebral cortex. Here we show that this assumption is not valid in visual cortex. Although MCPG does antagonize the actions of the synthetic mGluR a ...
... and memory. The conclusions of most of these studies were based on the assumption that MCPG blocks the actions of glutamate at PI-coupled mGluRs in the cerebral cortex. Here we show that this assumption is not valid in visual cortex. Although MCPG does antagonize the actions of the synthetic mGluR a ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... regions of the brain stem. Area PG (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982) of this lobule contains several classes of neurons with different properties, among them one activated by visual stimuli (Motter and Mountcastle, 198 1; Mountcastle et al., 1984). Parietal visual neurons (PVNs) are sensitive to moving vis ...
... regions of the brain stem. Area PG (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982) of this lobule contains several classes of neurons with different properties, among them one activated by visual stimuli (Motter and Mountcastle, 198 1; Mountcastle et al., 1984). Parietal visual neurons (PVNs) are sensitive to moving vis ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clin ...
... after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clin ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... examined in V4 (110/192) responded differently to the visual stimuli when the animal was cued to look for different orientations. For some neurons responses to all stimuli were strong when the animal was cued to look for a particular orientation, but weak when the same stimuli were presented in tria ...
... examined in V4 (110/192) responded differently to the visual stimuli when the animal was cued to look for different orientations. For some neurons responses to all stimuli were strong when the animal was cued to look for a particular orientation, but weak when the same stimuli were presented in tria ...
Weak orientation and direction selectivity in lateral geniculate
... LGN. Furthermore, some recent studies in the mouse report that many LGN cells exhibit pronounced orientation biases that are of comparable strength to the subthreshold inputs to V1 neurons. These results raise the possibility that, in rodents, orientation biases of individual LGN cells make a substa ...
... LGN. Furthermore, some recent studies in the mouse report that many LGN cells exhibit pronounced orientation biases that are of comparable strength to the subthreshold inputs to V1 neurons. These results raise the possibility that, in rodents, orientation biases of individual LGN cells make a substa ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of STG, within the parabelt and belt areas (Figure 1, top; Barbas and Mesulam, 1981, 1985; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 19 ...
... (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of STG, within the parabelt and belt areas (Figure 1, top; Barbas and Mesulam, 1981, 1985; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 19 ...
Aalborg Universitet Brain plasticity Wang, Li
... glutamate in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) increased in response to painful stimulus, and that the concentration of glutamate is strongly related to the subjective pain perception (Mullins et al., 2005). Hence, activation change of the mechanisms involved in cortical reorganization can reflect th ...
... glutamate in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) increased in response to painful stimulus, and that the concentration of glutamate is strongly related to the subjective pain perception (Mullins et al., 2005). Hence, activation change of the mechanisms involved in cortical reorganization can reflect th ...