Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... basal ganglia output nuclei, the STN and GPe are in a position to influence powerfully the communication of the basal ganglia with the rest of the brain (Fig. 1). An important model of basal ganglia dysfunction, commonly used to explain the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), implies that th ...
... basal ganglia output nuclei, the STN and GPe are in a position to influence powerfully the communication of the basal ganglia with the rest of the brain (Fig. 1). An important model of basal ganglia dysfunction, commonly used to explain the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), implies that th ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... visual object-naming task. The methodology for visually presented objects (VPOs)/pictures were taken from a normative study by Brodeur et al. (2010). Fifty pictures were presented during measurement in a randomized manner in one session. The pictures were presented on a computer monitor (LG 2200 ‘‘L ...
... visual object-naming task. The methodology for visually presented objects (VPOs)/pictures were taken from a normative study by Brodeur et al. (2010). Fifty pictures were presented during measurement in a randomized manner in one session. The pictures were presented on a computer monitor (LG 2200 ‘‘L ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... There were three pairs of sensorimotor tasks that diKered in terms of output modality. Each pair comprised an overpracticed and a reversal version of the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. I ...
... There were three pairs of sensorimotor tasks that diKered in terms of output modality. Each pair comprised an overpracticed and a reversal version of the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. I ...
Some Fiber Projections to the Superior Colliculus in the Cat`
... animals in the pretectum, though the number of degenerated fibers was considerably greater in those animals which had ventrally placed geniculate lesions. These degenerated fibers reached the pretectum by way of the medial aspect of the optic tract and the lateral and medial branches of the brachium ...
... animals in the pretectum, though the number of degenerated fibers was considerably greater in those animals which had ventrally placed geniculate lesions. These degenerated fibers reached the pretectum by way of the medial aspect of the optic tract and the lateral and medial branches of the brachium ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
Biologically Plausible Error-driven Learning using Local Activation
... The approach proposed by Hinton and McClelland (1988) is to use bi-directional activation recirculation within a single, recurrently connected network (with symmetric weights) to convey error signals. In order to get this to work, they used a somewhat unwieldy four-stage activation update process th ...
... The approach proposed by Hinton and McClelland (1988) is to use bi-directional activation recirculation within a single, recurrently connected network (with symmetric weights) to convey error signals. In order to get this to work, they used a somewhat unwieldy four-stage activation update process th ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... are closely associated with emotional behaviors (Blier and de Montigny, 1994; Pineyro and Blier, 1999). For example, the medial prefrontal cortex, whose dysfunction is closely associated with affective disorders such as schizophrenia and depressive illnesses, provides extensive input to the DR (Hajo ...
... are closely associated with emotional behaviors (Blier and de Montigny, 1994; Pineyro and Blier, 1999). For example, the medial prefrontal cortex, whose dysfunction is closely associated with affective disorders such as schizophrenia and depressive illnesses, provides extensive input to the DR (Hajo ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... on the stimulus sequence used. An important aspect of the task design was that the rule-dependent category of the sample stimulus was only defined after the second stimulus was presented in either stimulus sequence. After the offset of the second stimulus, a second delay period followed (Fig. 1A–C; ...
... on the stimulus sequence used. An important aspect of the task design was that the rule-dependent category of the sample stimulus was only defined after the second stimulus was presented in either stimulus sequence. After the offset of the second stimulus, a second delay period followed (Fig. 1A–C; ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... rats. Variable- and fixed-reward conditions induced flexible and inflexible behaviors, respectively; one of the two conditions was randomly assigned in each trial for testing the possibility of condition interference. Rats were successfully conditioned such that they could find the better reward hol ...
... rats. Variable- and fixed-reward conditions induced flexible and inflexible behaviors, respectively; one of the two conditions was randomly assigned in each trial for testing the possibility of condition interference. Rats were successfully conditioned such that they could find the better reward hol ...
Perception of an odour that is not real
... ► One of the two cranial nerves which doesn’t course through the posterior fossa ► Only neurons which can regenerate (basal cells) ► Only sensation which is not processed in the ...
... ► One of the two cranial nerves which doesn’t course through the posterior fossa ► Only neurons which can regenerate (basal cells) ► Only sensation which is not processed in the ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... Moreover, these neurons can display significant levels of spontaneous activity, so that their responses reflect the interaction of stimulus-driven inputs with this ongoing activity. How can robust behavioral dynamics emerge naturally out of the biophysics of spontaneously active, imprecisely specifi ...
... Moreover, these neurons can display significant levels of spontaneous activity, so that their responses reflect the interaction of stimulus-driven inputs with this ongoing activity. How can robust behavioral dynamics emerge naturally out of the biophysics of spontaneously active, imprecisely specifi ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... latency reflex modulation. In addition, a novel condition in which both mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the app ...
... latency reflex modulation. In addition, a novel condition in which both mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the app ...
Functional Dissociation of Attentional Selection within PFC
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
... acquired using the BOLD technique (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms, flip angle = 90°), each consisting of 20 contiguous axial slices (matrix = 64 3 64, inplane resolution = 3.75 3 3.75 mm2, thickness = 6 mm, gap = 0.9 mm), parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Prior to the EPI image ...
Cetacean Brain Evolution: Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) and
... The cochlear nerve, which yields the auditory input via sound perception in the inner ear, is the thickest of all cranial nerves in most odontocetes; here, it might comprise several times more axons than in the human [cf. Oelschläger and Oelschläger, 2009]. Although the giant sperm whale (Physeter m ...
... The cochlear nerve, which yields the auditory input via sound perception in the inner ear, is the thickest of all cranial nerves in most odontocetes; here, it might comprise several times more axons than in the human [cf. Oelschläger and Oelschläger, 2009]. Although the giant sperm whale (Physeter m ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... of three letters presented for 200 ms either unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral displays resulted in greater contralateral occipital activations than bilateral displays. This was taken as direct evidence that inter-hemispheric sensory competition can arise between stimuli in opposite visual hem ...
... of three letters presented for 200 ms either unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral displays resulted in greater contralateral occipital activations than bilateral displays. This was taken as direct evidence that inter-hemispheric sensory competition can arise between stimuli in opposite visual hem ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
... Objectives- After you have completed your study of this material you should be able to: 1. Classify nerve fibers into four basic types: afferent, efferent to skeletal muscle, preganglionic efferent, and postganglionic efferent. Give the location of the cell bodies of each of these fiber types and te ...
... Objectives- After you have completed your study of this material you should be able to: 1. Classify nerve fibers into four basic types: afferent, efferent to skeletal muscle, preganglionic efferent, and postganglionic efferent. Give the location of the cell bodies of each of these fiber types and te ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... (Beraneck and Cullen 2007) display relatively low sensitivities to vestibular stimulation as compared to neurons in monkeys (Massot et al. 2011, 2012). Furthermore, simultaneous recordings of eye a ...
... (Beraneck and Cullen 2007) display relatively low sensitivities to vestibular stimulation as compared to neurons in monkeys (Massot et al. 2011, 2012). Furthermore, simultaneous recordings of eye a ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... retrieve recent episodes based on the temporal context (e.g. in order to remember which customers or garbage cans were visited in a given time period). The context-sensitive properties of the spiking activity in the hippocampus may provide physiological mechanisms for this process. Some hippocampal ...
... retrieve recent episodes based on the temporal context (e.g. in order to remember which customers or garbage cans were visited in a given time period). The context-sensitive properties of the spiking activity in the hippocampus may provide physiological mechanisms for this process. Some hippocampal ...
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... There is no consensual understanding on what the activity of the hippocampus neurons represents. While experiments with humans foster a dominant view of an episodic memory system, experiments with rodents promote its role as a spatial cognitive system. Although there is abundant evidence pointing to ...
... There is no consensual understanding on what the activity of the hippocampus neurons represents. While experiments with humans foster a dominant view of an episodic memory system, experiments with rodents promote its role as a spatial cognitive system. Although there is abundant evidence pointing to ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... derived from natural sound clips. Additionally, all stimuli were embedded in chronic background activity attempting to imitate the naturally occurring spontaneous activity. We measured synaptic responses to these stimulus trains and then used the data to test how well several vesicle-release models ...
... derived from natural sound clips. Additionally, all stimuli were embedded in chronic background activity attempting to imitate the naturally occurring spontaneous activity. We measured synaptic responses to these stimulus trains and then used the data to test how well several vesicle-release models ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...