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... Rivier and Clarke, 1997; Hackett et al., 1998a; Clarke and Rivier,1998). Cytochrome oxidase, involved in the oxidative metabolism of cells, exhibits patterned expression reflecting the modular organization of primary sensory cortices (Wong-Riley, 1989) and is also related to the neurovascular events ...
... Rivier and Clarke, 1997; Hackett et al., 1998a; Clarke and Rivier,1998). Cytochrome oxidase, involved in the oxidative metabolism of cells, exhibits patterned expression reflecting the modular organization of primary sensory cortices (Wong-Riley, 1989) and is also related to the neurovascular events ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... enhancement is mediated by the influence of CeA on nigrostriatal systems. Specifically, CeA neurons project to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; Gonzales & Chesselet, 1990; Lee et al., 2005), which in turn innervate the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Elevated activity in t ...
... enhancement is mediated by the influence of CeA on nigrostriatal systems. Specifically, CeA neurons project to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; Gonzales & Chesselet, 1990; Lee et al., 2005), which in turn innervate the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Elevated activity in t ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... VA, and orbitofrontal connections were found in ventrolateral VAmc. Moreover, about half of all projection neurons in orbitofrontal areas directed to the VA or VAmc were positive for calbindin but not parvalbumin, even though comparable populations of neurons were positive for each marker in the VA. ...
... VA, and orbitofrontal connections were found in ventrolateral VAmc. Moreover, about half of all projection neurons in orbitofrontal areas directed to the VA or VAmc were positive for calbindin but not parvalbumin, even though comparable populations of neurons were positive for each marker in the VA. ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... human studies have shown that LTP is involved in information storage in the brain due to an increase in strength of chemical synapses between neurons. This form of synaptic plasticity lasts from minutes to several days, and is elicited in the brain by the patterned electrical stimulation of an affer ...
... human studies have shown that LTP is involved in information storage in the brain due to an increase in strength of chemical synapses between neurons. This form of synaptic plasticity lasts from minutes to several days, and is elicited in the brain by the patterned electrical stimulation of an affer ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Effects of Acute and Neurotoxic Exposure in the Rat
... Early in the 1990s, researchers demonstrated that rats would acquire lever pressing in the absence of hand shaping or autoshaping when reinforcement (food or water delivery) was delayed by up to approximately 30 s, although learning was impaired at longer delays (4,5,13,29,31). Recently, the effects ...
... Early in the 1990s, researchers demonstrated that rats would acquire lever pressing in the absence of hand shaping or autoshaping when reinforcement (food or water delivery) was delayed by up to approximately 30 s, although learning was impaired at longer delays (4,5,13,29,31). Recently, the effects ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... we included areas commonly found in the nemophysiological and neuroanatomical literature (see Appendix). We expect the parcellation scheme to evolve and improve as more information becomes available. Our cortical map was based principally on the parcellation presented by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1 ...
... we included areas commonly found in the nemophysiological and neuroanatomical literature (see Appendix). We expect the parcellation scheme to evolve and improve as more information becomes available. Our cortical map was based principally on the parcellation presented by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1 ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... studies. Rather, our approach was simply to use activity in areas showing (face or word) varied across subjects. This task cue was presented 0.45 s selectivity for faces or words as an effective index of the degree to which before the miniblock. Successive stimuli were separated by 1.8 s within a su ...
... studies. Rather, our approach was simply to use activity in areas showing (face or word) varied across subjects. This task cue was presented 0.45 s selectivity for faces or words as an effective index of the degree to which before the miniblock. Successive stimuli were separated by 1.8 s within a su ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the hippocampus, where the striking element, in ...
... performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the hippocampus, where the striking element, in ...
New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the
... map was systematically made before resection. During a second surgical stage, the glioma was removed, by alternating resection and subcortical stimulations. The functional pathways were followed progressively from the cortical eloquent sites already mapped, to the depth of the resection. The patient ...
... map was systematically made before resection. During a second surgical stage, the glioma was removed, by alternating resection and subcortical stimulations. The functional pathways were followed progressively from the cortical eloquent sites already mapped, to the depth of the resection. The patient ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... the frontal cortex, whereas the thalamic fibers are derived from the centromedian-parafascicular complex. This means that (parts of) the cerebral cortex, as well as the caudal intra|aminar thalamus play a role in a stronger inhibition of the basal ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression o ...
... the frontal cortex, whereas the thalamic fibers are derived from the centromedian-parafascicular complex. This means that (parts of) the cerebral cortex, as well as the caudal intra|aminar thalamus play a role in a stronger inhibition of the basal ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression o ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (Figure 2) was used to quantify the discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent moti ...
... A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (Figure 2) was used to quantify the discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent moti ...
The History of the EEG
... • Overall increase of coherence for recalled vs. not recalled nouns • Long range synchronization of frontal and temporal/parietal neuronal assemblies increases for recalled nouns. ...
... • Overall increase of coherence for recalled vs. not recalled nouns • Long range synchronization of frontal and temporal/parietal neuronal assemblies increases for recalled nouns. ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... many other species, inputs serving the two eyes are largely (or in some species completely) segregated into alternate patches serving the left and right eyes. "Ocular dominance patches" or "colwnns" are the names given to these alternate patches or stripes of input serving the two eyes (figure 1). T ...
... many other species, inputs serving the two eyes are largely (or in some species completely) segregated into alternate patches serving the left and right eyes. "Ocular dominance patches" or "colwnns" are the names given to these alternate patches or stripes of input serving the two eyes (figure 1). T ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... seeing them as passing over each other. BOLD activity during the perception of the collision was increased over premotor, superior colliculus, insula, and superior parietal cortex but not in the temporal lobe. The results from imaging studies indicate cortical loci where integration occurs. How inte ...
... seeing them as passing over each other. BOLD activity during the perception of the collision was increased over premotor, superior colliculus, insula, and superior parietal cortex but not in the temporal lobe. The results from imaging studies indicate cortical loci where integration occurs. How inte ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... prefrontal cortex (Peters & Sethares, 2002) also correlate significantly with the decline in cognitive behavior that occurs with increasing age in monkeys (e.g. Moss et al., 1999). It is suggested that the reason for this correlation between myelin sheath alterations and decline in cognition is beca ...
... prefrontal cortex (Peters & Sethares, 2002) also correlate significantly with the decline in cognitive behavior that occurs with increasing age in monkeys (e.g. Moss et al., 1999). It is suggested that the reason for this correlation between myelin sheath alterations and decline in cognition is beca ...
Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 signaling regulates Kv4.2-mediated - AJP-Cell
... delayed-rectifier outward (IK) and fast transient outward (IA) potassium currents was associated with CGN apoptosis (17, 20). In addition, IK also plays a role in promoting CGN migration and maturation (24, 45). Recently, our study indicated that neuritin, a new neurotrophic factor that is involved ...
... delayed-rectifier outward (IK) and fast transient outward (IA) potassium currents was associated with CGN apoptosis (17, 20). In addition, IK also plays a role in promoting CGN migration and maturation (24, 45). Recently, our study indicated that neuritin, a new neurotrophic factor that is involved ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... also found in brain structures other than the dopamine system described above. These include the striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens)39–44, subthalamic nucleus45, pars reticulata of the substantia nigra46, dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex47– ...
... also found in brain structures other than the dopamine system described above. These include the striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens)39–44, subthalamic nucleus45, pars reticulata of the substantia nigra46, dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex47– ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... (EM) studies on Golgi-stained cells observed that each spine contains a synapse characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons ...
... (EM) studies on Golgi-stained cells observed that each spine contains a synapse characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons ...
Second-order conditioning in Drosophila
... radically altered the scientific investigation of the phenomenon of learning and memory (Pavlov, 1927). In his book, Pavlov describes in detail many of the properties of what is now commonly known as classical conditioning or first-order conditioning (FOC). Classical conditioning is a form of learni ...
... radically altered the scientific investigation of the phenomenon of learning and memory (Pavlov, 1927). In his book, Pavlov describes in detail many of the properties of what is now commonly known as classical conditioning or first-order conditioning (FOC). Classical conditioning is a form of learni ...
The Ventral Striatopallidum and Extended Amygdala in
... the close limbic association. The central amygdala is a continuum of cells in the dorsocentral part of the amygdala. It is located between the striatum (amygdalostriatal transition area) dorsolaterally and the interstitial nucleus of the ansa lenticularis at its dorsomedial side. The central nucleus ...
... the close limbic association. The central amygdala is a continuum of cells in the dorsocentral part of the amygdala. It is located between the striatum (amygdalostriatal transition area) dorsolaterally and the interstitial nucleus of the ansa lenticularis at its dorsomedial side. The central nucleus ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... Accordingly, psychophysical investigations in humans and behavioral work in animals has shown that the taste system plays an integral role in odor processing. However, the neural basis for the influence of taste (gustation) on odor (olfaction) remains essentially unknown. Here we tested the hypothes ...
... Accordingly, psychophysical investigations in humans and behavioral work in animals has shown that the taste system plays an integral role in odor processing. However, the neural basis for the influence of taste (gustation) on odor (olfaction) remains essentially unknown. Here we tested the hypothes ...