Gross Anatomy
... Changes in the architecture of the ASPM protein over the last 18 million years are correlated with a steady increase in the size of the cerebral cortex (2002) Dr. Bruce T. Lahn at U. Chicago. A disrupted form of this gene was identified as the cause of microcephaly (people born with an abnormally sm ...
... Changes in the architecture of the ASPM protein over the last 18 million years are correlated with a steady increase in the size of the cerebral cortex (2002) Dr. Bruce T. Lahn at U. Chicago. A disrupted form of this gene was identified as the cause of microcephaly (people born with an abnormally sm ...
Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... often called incentive stimuli. Incentive stimuli are previously neutral stimuli (the conditioned stimulus [auditory or visual stimulus] in “Pavlov’s dog”) which have become rewarding by virtue of being associated with the availability or delivery of reward. C. FALSE innervates nucleus accumbens, li ...
... often called incentive stimuli. Incentive stimuli are previously neutral stimuli (the conditioned stimulus [auditory or visual stimulus] in “Pavlov’s dog”) which have become rewarding by virtue of being associated with the availability or delivery of reward. C. FALSE innervates nucleus accumbens, li ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... interareal connection weights. Likewise, there has been little quantitative data on the weight consistency of any given pathway. A seminal paper analyzed data across studies and concluded that between-animal variability of a given pathway can exceed 2 orders of magnitude (Scannell et al. 2000). In c ...
... interareal connection weights. Likewise, there has been little quantitative data on the weight consistency of any given pathway. A seminal paper analyzed data across studies and concluded that between-animal variability of a given pathway can exceed 2 orders of magnitude (Scannell et al. 2000). In c ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
... synaptic changes during spatial exploration. In principle, the time scale of plasticitybased models can be augmented arbitrarily by increasing the synaptic learning rates. For stable patterns to emerge, however, significant weight changes must occur only after the animal has visited most of the envi ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... widespread in the dorsal and middle parts of both the caudate nucleus and putamen. Most studies have emphasized the uniformity of these responses in different striatal regions, that is, the anterior striatum and posterior putamen, which appear to process, respectively, cognitive and motor informatio ...
... widespread in the dorsal and middle parts of both the caudate nucleus and putamen. Most studies have emphasized the uniformity of these responses in different striatal regions, that is, the anterior striatum and posterior putamen, which appear to process, respectively, cognitive and motor informatio ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial
... which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli is required. Subsequent investigations of the memory impairment in human amnesia, as well as in animal models, have led to adva ...
... which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli is required. Subsequent investigations of the memory impairment in human amnesia, as well as in animal models, have led to adva ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the brain commanding the spinal cord. A given pathway can have many functional roles. This review explores to what extent descending pathways ...
... characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the brain commanding the spinal cord. A given pathway can have many functional roles. This review explores to what extent descending pathways ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... tastants, significantly in 8 of 18 cells recorded including all the sucrose-best cells tested. Smith and Li (1998) conducted a similar study in the hamster NST but used electric stimulation of the tongue instead of taste stimuli. Consistent with the findings in the previous study, GABA application c ...
... tastants, significantly in 8 of 18 cells recorded including all the sucrose-best cells tested. Smith and Li (1998) conducted a similar study in the hamster NST but used electric stimulation of the tongue instead of taste stimuli. Consistent with the findings in the previous study, GABA application c ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... We first tested whether a BOLD response could be observed in response to optical stimulation in neurons expressing ChR2. Stimuli were presented for 15 s blocks at a frequency of 40 Hz and 8 ms pulse duration, followed by 15 s of no stimulation, and repeated 16 times in each run. Activation was obser ...
... We first tested whether a BOLD response could be observed in response to optical stimulation in neurons expressing ChR2. Stimuli were presented for 15 s blocks at a frequency of 40 Hz and 8 ms pulse duration, followed by 15 s of no stimulation, and repeated 16 times in each run. Activation was obser ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... from viral retrograde tracing studies (reviewed in [4]) which have shown that each of the larger cortico-subcortical circuits is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of converg ...
... from viral retrograde tracing studies (reviewed in [4]) which have shown that each of the larger cortico-subcortical circuits is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of converg ...
Corollary Discharge Inhibition and Preservation of Temporal
... The ipsp lasts longer in cells than in afferents. Each electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) is probably caused by a single primary afferent, and any one of several epsps in a given cell seems capable of eliciting a postsynaptic spike in that cell. The epsps follow stimulation rates ...
... The ipsp lasts longer in cells than in afferents. Each electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) is probably caused by a single primary afferent, and any one of several epsps in a given cell seems capable of eliciting a postsynaptic spike in that cell. The epsps follow stimulation rates ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... an abstract fractal image (conditioned stimulus, CS) predicted liquid reward or aversive air-puffs (unconditioned stimulus, US) after a brief time (trace) interval. Single unit recordings in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) revealed the existence of cells encoding the learned value of the ...
... an abstract fractal image (conditioned stimulus, CS) predicted liquid reward or aversive air-puffs (unconditioned stimulus, US) after a brief time (trace) interval. Single unit recordings in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) revealed the existence of cells encoding the learned value of the ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... populations, as already indicated in Figs. 1c, e. On the contralateral side (Fig. 1h), the cells of origin of these two pathways are mixed. There are apparently three populations: neurons that project only to the Am, cells that project only to the SC (a smaller number), and double-labeled neurons th ...
... populations, as already indicated in Figs. 1c, e. On the contralateral side (Fig. 1h), the cells of origin of these two pathways are mixed. There are apparently three populations: neurons that project only to the Am, cells that project only to the SC (a smaller number), and double-labeled neurons th ...
Classical Conditioning - Norwell Public Schools
... a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) ...
... a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) ...
Functions of the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT).
... Waespe and Henn 1981; Zee et al. 1981). Cortical signals are transmitted to nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and the dorsolateral pontine nuclei (DLPN) (Brodal 1978a, 1978b; Glickstein et al. 1980, 1985), which in turn project to the flocculus via mossy-fiber input (Langer et al. 1985). Fr ...
... Waespe and Henn 1981; Zee et al. 1981). Cortical signals are transmitted to nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and the dorsolateral pontine nuclei (DLPN) (Brodal 1978a, 1978b; Glickstein et al. 1980, 1985), which in turn project to the flocculus via mossy-fiber input (Langer et al. 1985). Fr ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... using an anti-aliasing digital low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency at around 400 Hz. All subjects were continuously monitored in digital video (25-Hz sampling rate and a 640 × 480 pixel resolution) and with 2 channels of audio recordings, both synchronized to the ECoG. In two patients (P2 and P3) ...
... using an anti-aliasing digital low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency at around 400 Hz. All subjects were continuously monitored in digital video (25-Hz sampling rate and a 640 × 480 pixel resolution) and with 2 channels of audio recordings, both synchronized to the ECoG. In two patients (P2 and P3) ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... relationship is not fully understood (Woolrich and Stephan, 2013). While structural connections enable effective connectivity, plasticity can alter the ability of a physical structure to transmit information and this plasticity may be captured by effective connectivity measures. Stephen et al. (2009 ...
... relationship is not fully understood (Woolrich and Stephan, 2013). While structural connections enable effective connectivity, plasticity can alter the ability of a physical structure to transmit information and this plasticity may be captured by effective connectivity measures. Stephen et al. (2009 ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... moment of reward trew), which is in the range measured in by Garris et al. (1994). Because the tonic level of DA is much lower than the phasic level during the reward, no significant modification of synaptic strength occurs (d 0) unless the reward is delivered (d is large). In Figure 4, we use DA(t) ...
... moment of reward trew), which is in the range measured in by Garris et al. (1994). Because the tonic level of DA is much lower than the phasic level during the reward, no significant modification of synaptic strength occurs (d 0) unless the reward is delivered (d is large). In Figure 4, we use DA(t) ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... during action execution versus action observation. We trained two adult, purpose-bred macaque monkeys to either perform a precision grip between index finger and thumb or watch an experimenter perform the same grip. In one monkey (M43), in which the initial findings were made, the design was very si ...
... during action execution versus action observation. We trained two adult, purpose-bred macaque monkeys to either perform a precision grip between index finger and thumb or watch an experimenter perform the same grip. In one monkey (M43), in which the initial findings were made, the design was very si ...
Optical imaging combined with targeted electrical recordings
... Fig. 3. General view of the electrode positioner microdrive. Top: The X /Y positioner stage, with the glass slightly open (left) and fully closed (right). Bottom: Photograph of the positioner microdrive at an angle of 608 on its stand. (A) Transparent sliding window (simple glass/Perspex cover) w ...
... Fig. 3. General view of the electrode positioner microdrive. Top: The X /Y positioner stage, with the glass slightly open (left) and fully closed (right). Bottom: Photograph of the positioner microdrive at an angle of 608 on its stand. (A) Transparent sliding window (simple glass/Perspex cover) w ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... dB. The phase responses of the 2 earphones did not differ by more than 7 psec (at 6667 Hz). Stimulus amplitude was approximately 40 dB SPL in all cases, or between 10-20 dB above the threshold of the neuron. The interaural intensity was set to 0 in all experiments. Electrophysiology. All data were o ...
... dB. The phase responses of the 2 earphones did not differ by more than 7 psec (at 6667 Hz). Stimulus amplitude was approximately 40 dB SPL in all cases, or between 10-20 dB above the threshold of the neuron. The interaural intensity was set to 0 in all experiments. Electrophysiology. All data were o ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...