The Influence of Retinal Afferents Upon the Development of Layers
... medial interlaminar nucleus is also poorly defined on this side, the nucleus being recognizable by its elongated cells, not by any cellfree border region. The. results illustrated in figures 7 and 8 for a monocular mink have been confirmed by observations of six ferrets in which one eye had been rem ...
... medial interlaminar nucleus is also poorly defined on this side, the nucleus being recognizable by its elongated cells, not by any cellfree border region. The. results illustrated in figures 7 and 8 for a monocular mink have been confirmed by observations of six ferrets in which one eye had been rem ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... arising from the lateral surface of the brain, about midway along its length, and innervating the paired nuchal organs which lie at the posteralateral margins of the prostomium; 1 pair of circumoesophageal connectives. In Nephtys, the stomatogastric system arises from the circumoesophageal connectiv ...
... arising from the lateral surface of the brain, about midway along its length, and innervating the paired nuchal organs which lie at the posteralateral margins of the prostomium; 1 pair of circumoesophageal connectives. In Nephtys, the stomatogastric system arises from the circumoesophageal connectiv ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... that alternated between inhibitory and facilitatory ERF properties. In total, twenty electrode penetrations were performed, among which six were relatively normal to the cortical surface (see Figures 3D and 3E). In these normal penetrations, the distribution of neuron groups with alternating inhibit ...
... that alternated between inhibitory and facilitatory ERF properties. In total, twenty electrode penetrations were performed, among which six were relatively normal to the cortical surface (see Figures 3D and 3E). In these normal penetrations, the distribution of neuron groups with alternating inhibit ...
Dissociated functional significance of decision
... suggesting that our large muscimol administrations were probably operating within a ‘ceiling’ regime. Because muscimol inactivations require comparisons across relatively long time scales, it remains logically possible that LIP normally plays a critical role in decision making, given that other area ...
... suggesting that our large muscimol administrations were probably operating within a ‘ceiling’ regime. Because muscimol inactivations require comparisons across relatively long time scales, it remains logically possible that LIP normally plays a critical role in decision making, given that other area ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... of a tonotopic order in which a unit’s best frequency changes from high to low frequency as the electrode is advanced from dorsal to ventral (Konishi, 1970) and of large, easily isolated spikes. The period histograms obtained from unit responses in this region were always flat or poorly modulated, i ...
... of a tonotopic order in which a unit’s best frequency changes from high to low frequency as the electrode is advanced from dorsal to ventral (Konishi, 1970) and of large, easily isolated spikes. The period histograms obtained from unit responses in this region were always flat or poorly modulated, i ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
... The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus(DNLL) holds a unique position in the auditory system.Astride the fibers of the lateral lemniscus,DNLL receives most of the sameprojections that ascendto the inferior colliculus (Glendenning et al., 1981; Shneidermanet al., 1988); and DNLL also projects bil ...
... The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus(DNLL) holds a unique position in the auditory system.Astride the fibers of the lateral lemniscus,DNLL receives most of the sameprojections that ascendto the inferior colliculus (Glendenning et al., 1981; Shneidermanet al., 1988); and DNLL also projects bil ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... the activity of spinal units, cortical units, and relevant muscles. Radial torque and behavioral events (the timing of which is marked by green vertical lines) recorded in a single trial are shown (for details, see Materials and Methods section). The trial is aligned on torque onset (time zero) and ...
... the activity of spinal units, cortical units, and relevant muscles. Radial torque and behavioral events (the timing of which is marked by green vertical lines) recorded in a single trial are shown (for details, see Materials and Methods section). The trial is aligned on torque onset (time zero) and ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... information intervenes during processes of movement preparation or planning, but not during those of movement execution. The use of the preparatory paradigm makes it thus possible, first, to dissociate in time movement planning from its execution and, second, to study selectively preparatory process ...
... information intervenes during processes of movement preparation or planning, but not during those of movement execution. The use of the preparatory paradigm makes it thus possible, first, to dissociate in time movement planning from its execution and, second, to study selectively preparatory process ...
judasMRT99
... hippocampus NO induces calcium-independent neurotransmitter release in a population of synapses at all stages of maturation (Sporns and Jenkinson, 1997). Some recently published results, however, have shown that the virtual absence of NOS activity fails to prevent the formation of ocular dominance c ...
... hippocampus NO induces calcium-independent neurotransmitter release in a population of synapses at all stages of maturation (Sporns and Jenkinson, 1997). Some recently published results, however, have shown that the virtual absence of NOS activity fails to prevent the formation of ocular dominance c ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... neurons in awake, behaving primates. He had convincingly demonstrated that the firing rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and v ...
... neurons in awake, behaving primates. He had convincingly demonstrated that the firing rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and v ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... and others 1997), and on the basis of lesion and neuroimaging data, it has been argued that a similar functional region can be identified in the anterior lateral bank of the human IPS (Binkofski and others 1998; Binkofski, Buccino, Posse, and others 1999; Grefkes and others 2002; Shikata and others 2 ...
... and others 1997), and on the basis of lesion and neuroimaging data, it has been argued that a similar functional region can be identified in the anterior lateral bank of the human IPS (Binkofski and others 1998; Binkofski, Buccino, Posse, and others 1999; Grefkes and others 2002; Shikata and others 2 ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... For the present study, comprehensive sets of eel brain sections were hybridized so that the pattern of BDNF expression throughout the whole brain could be charted. Animals and Tissue Preparation The brains were obtained from European eels, A. anguilla L. (n = 30), of unknown sex in a non-migratory, ...
... For the present study, comprehensive sets of eel brain sections were hybridized so that the pattern of BDNF expression throughout the whole brain could be charted. Animals and Tissue Preparation The brains were obtained from European eels, A. anguilla L. (n = 30), of unknown sex in a non-migratory, ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... In the brain stem NOS levels are low except for discrete portions of the nucleus prepositus hypogiossi and the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal tract fo the trigeminal nerve. In the spinal cord NOS is also very highly concentrated in the substantia gelatinosa. The cerebellum displays high NOS lev ...
... In the brain stem NOS levels are low except for discrete portions of the nucleus prepositus hypogiossi and the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal tract fo the trigeminal nerve. In the spinal cord NOS is also very highly concentrated in the substantia gelatinosa. The cerebellum displays high NOS lev ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... various pontine and medullary reticular nuclei [19]. Correspondingly, a direct return link to each of these midbrain and hindbrain structures from either one or both of the main basal ganglia output nuclei has been reported [23–29]. The characteristics of individual components of the proposed closed ...
... various pontine and medullary reticular nuclei [19]. Correspondingly, a direct return link to each of these midbrain and hindbrain structures from either one or both of the main basal ganglia output nuclei has been reported [23–29]. The characteristics of individual components of the proposed closed ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown to be activated in other studies involving cross-modal transfer of in ...
... and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown to be activated in other studies involving cross-modal transfer of in ...
Is the Lateral Septum's Inhibitory Influence on the Amygdala Mediated... GABA-ergic Neurons? Mason Austin
... conclusions about the anxiety system as a whole. Before one can do that, one would have to subject the amygdala itself to a battery of tests to see whether it is necessary for anxiogenesis and whether it conforms to other models of anxiety. One approach in this pursuit has been to examine how electr ...
... conclusions about the anxiety system as a whole. Before one can do that, one would have to subject the amygdala itself to a battery of tests to see whether it is necessary for anxiogenesis and whether it conforms to other models of anxiety. One approach in this pursuit has been to examine how electr ...
CNS learns Stable, Accurate and Efficient Movements using a
... command can produce very different movements if the mechanical output varies due to perturbations, neural noise, or history and state-dependent features of muscle force. Therefore, the corrective action needed to compensate for disturbances experienced when a movement is attempted on one occasion ca ...
... command can produce very different movements if the mechanical output varies due to perturbations, neural noise, or history and state-dependent features of muscle force. Therefore, the corrective action needed to compensate for disturbances experienced when a movement is attempted on one occasion ca ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... Functional independence of layer IV barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1311–1316, 1999. Layer IV of rodent primary somatosensory cortex is characterized by an array of whiskerrelated groups of neurons, known as “barrels.” Neurons within each barrel respond best to a particu ...
... Functional independence of layer IV barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1311–1316, 1999. Layer IV of rodent primary somatosensory cortex is characterized by an array of whiskerrelated groups of neurons, known as “barrels.” Neurons within each barrel respond best to a particu ...
download file
... we restricted data analysis to those animals with relatively equal posterior extent of recording sites. Tuning curve analysis. Tuning curves were determined for each site by recording responses to 81 tones spanning 5 octaves, each at 16 different intensities. Plotting the response of a site to tones ...
... we restricted data analysis to those animals with relatively equal posterior extent of recording sites. Tuning curve analysis. Tuning curves were determined for each site by recording responses to 81 tones spanning 5 octaves, each at 16 different intensities. Plotting the response of a site to tones ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... in the primary visual cortex respond well to sinusoidal drifting gratings across a range of different spatial and temporal frequencies. Most studies of single neurons in rat primary visual cortex have been conducted during anesthesia. However, anesthesia has extensive impact on the brain and it is t ...
... in the primary visual cortex respond well to sinusoidal drifting gratings across a range of different spatial and temporal frequencies. Most studies of single neurons in rat primary visual cortex have been conducted during anesthesia. However, anesthesia has extensive impact on the brain and it is t ...
PDF
... (F1,28 = 18.0, P < 0.001). We also quantified the effect of value by calculating the difference in firing to the high and low value cues for each neuron before and after learning; the distribution of this score was shifted significantly above zero after (Fig. 4a, late distribution; Wilcoxon signed-r ...
... (F1,28 = 18.0, P < 0.001). We also quantified the effect of value by calculating the difference in firing to the high and low value cues for each neuron before and after learning; the distribution of this score was shifted significantly above zero after (Fig. 4a, late distribution; Wilcoxon signed-r ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
... white matter, the alveus, fimbria, and fornix. The cortex adjacent to the hippocampus is known as the entorhinal area; it is present along the whole length of the parahippocampal gyrus [21]. The subiculum is a transitional zone between the entorhinal and hippocampal cortices. The hippocampal formati ...
... white matter, the alveus, fimbria, and fornix. The cortex adjacent to the hippocampus is known as the entorhinal area; it is present along the whole length of the parahippocampal gyrus [21]. The subiculum is a transitional zone between the entorhinal and hippocampal cortices. The hippocampal formati ...