Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... Schieber, Marc H. Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 86: 2125–2143, 2001. Since the 1870s, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been known to have a somatotopic organization, with different regions of cortex participating in control of face, arm, and leg ...
... Schieber, Marc H. Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 86: 2125–2143, 2001. Since the 1870s, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been known to have a somatotopic organization, with different regions of cortex participating in control of face, arm, and leg ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... There is a commonly held view that the frontal cortex in humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefronta ...
... There is a commonly held view that the frontal cortex in humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefronta ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... retina and is, therefore, physically identical to that presented when no saccadic programming is in course. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging event-related study, we flashed Gabor patches at different times before the onset of a horizontal saccade and measured blood oxygen level-dependen ...
... retina and is, therefore, physically identical to that presented when no saccadic programming is in course. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging event-related study, we flashed Gabor patches at different times before the onset of a horizontal saccade and measured blood oxygen level-dependen ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... present robustly (Pandya et al., 1994) and reciprocates TC projections (Mesulam and Pandya, 1973; Hashikawa et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the precise role of the CT system remains somewhat enigmatic, and the necessity for so massive a projection is unknown. Parallels in CT organization between the au ...
... present robustly (Pandya et al., 1994) and reciprocates TC projections (Mesulam and Pandya, 1973; Hashikawa et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the precise role of the CT system remains somewhat enigmatic, and the necessity for so massive a projection is unknown. Parallels in CT organization between the au ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... mean firing rate of the neuron over the recording period (Baker & Gerstein, 2001). The mean firing rate of the neuron across n trials (n > 15), and aligned on the corresponding stimulus, was then calculated, to give a smoothed version of the standard peri-event time histogram (PETH) (Baker & Gerstein, ...
... mean firing rate of the neuron over the recording period (Baker & Gerstein, 2001). The mean firing rate of the neuron across n trials (n > 15), and aligned on the corresponding stimulus, was then calculated, to give a smoothed version of the standard peri-event time histogram (PETH) (Baker & Gerstein, ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... Figure 3. Connectivity of the isthmal nuclei with the tectum. (A) shows a coronal section through the tectum showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellu ...
... Figure 3. Connectivity of the isthmal nuclei with the tectum. (A) shows a coronal section through the tectum showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellu ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... during which time it explored the environment. It was then anesthetized and killed. Because there was no statistically significant difference in the number of Fos-positive (Fos ⫹) cells in the Cun nucleus between the different groups of control animals, the data from these cats were pooled to compar ...
... during which time it explored the environment. It was then anesthetized and killed. Because there was no statistically significant difference in the number of Fos-positive (Fos ⫹) cells in the Cun nucleus between the different groups of control animals, the data from these cats were pooled to compar ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... had lungs for breathing and modified fins that enabled them to crawl on land (Schultze, 1977; Hinchcliffe and Johnson, 1980; Coates and Clack, 1990, 1991). The forelimbs of Ichthyostega appear to have been weight bearing, enabling them to haul themselves to dry land with their hindquarters dragging ...
... had lungs for breathing and modified fins that enabled them to crawl on land (Schultze, 1977; Hinchcliffe and Johnson, 1980; Coates and Clack, 1990, 1991). The forelimbs of Ichthyostega appear to have been weight bearing, enabling them to haul themselves to dry land with their hindquarters dragging ...
Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex
... (fovea to 20 deg; see inset) that is commonly used (Wandell, 1999). The data in this figure represent the average of five separate scans. To emphasize the dorsal activation, the overlay is shown only for measurements that are located near the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) and correlated with the ...
... (fovea to 20 deg; see inset) that is commonly used (Wandell, 1999). The data in this figure represent the average of five separate scans. To emphasize the dorsal activation, the overlay is shown only for measurements that are located near the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) and correlated with the ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
Optophysiological analysis of associational circuits in the olfactory
... areas associated with the amygdala (Luskin and Price, 1983b; Haberly, 1998). Sensory information from the OB reaches the primary olfactory cortical areas through the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), made up of mitral/tufted cell axons. In addition to direct sensory input, olfactory cortical neurons al ...
... areas associated with the amygdala (Luskin and Price, 1983b; Haberly, 1998). Sensory information from the OB reaches the primary olfactory cortical areas through the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), made up of mitral/tufted cell axons. In addition to direct sensory input, olfactory cortical neurons al ...
Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Hippocampal
... The number of offspring per litter in the TNF-KO mice was similar to the wt mice (7 ± 2.74, n = 22 and 8.5 ± 2.9, n = 16, respectively; mean ± SD). TNF-KO mice were analyzed for gross developmental consequences through the first postnatal month. The mice so examined developed normal phenotypes with ...
... The number of offspring per litter in the TNF-KO mice was similar to the wt mice (7 ± 2.74, n = 22 and 8.5 ± 2.9, n = 16, respectively; mean ± SD). TNF-KO mice were analyzed for gross developmental consequences through the first postnatal month. The mice so examined developed normal phenotypes with ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... These undesirable and perhaps unexpected side-effects of deep-brain stimulation suggest that the STN regulates not only motor behavior but also cognitive and emotional processes, a suggestion consistent with one of the most influential theories of the STN (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990). How does the ...
... These undesirable and perhaps unexpected side-effects of deep-brain stimulation suggest that the STN regulates not only motor behavior but also cognitive and emotional processes, a suggestion consistent with one of the most influential theories of the STN (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990). How does the ...
post-peer-review-non-publishers
... Internal circadian clocks are important regulators of mammalian biology, acting to coordinate physiology and behaviour in line with daily changes in the environment. At present, synchronisation of the circadian system to the solar cycle is believed to rely on a quantitative assessment of total ambie ...
... Internal circadian clocks are important regulators of mammalian biology, acting to coordinate physiology and behaviour in line with daily changes in the environment. At present, synchronisation of the circadian system to the solar cycle is believed to rely on a quantitative assessment of total ambie ...
Text - ETH E
... adapted from Suri & Schultz, 2001). For the stimulus uðtÞ the temporal stimulus representation x1 ðtÞ; x2 ðtÞ; x3 ðtÞ; … is computed. Each component xm ðtÞ is multiplied with an adaptive weight Vm ðtÞ (filled dots). The reward prediction PðtÞ is the sum of the weighted representation components of a ...
... adapted from Suri & Schultz, 2001). For the stimulus uðtÞ the temporal stimulus representation x1 ðtÞ; x2 ðtÞ; x3 ðtÞ; … is computed. Each component xm ðtÞ is multiplied with an adaptive weight Vm ðtÞ (filled dots). The reward prediction PðtÞ is the sum of the weighted representation components of a ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
The Location and Function of NMDA Receptors in Cat
... number of spikes above background (the area under the curve), as peak firing rate is too dependent on exact eject and retain times. The agonists are applied at regular intervals and control, test, and recovery periods are contiguous to allow comparisons to be made. This avoids artifacts caused by ap ...
... number of spikes above background (the area under the curve), as peak firing rate is too dependent on exact eject and retain times. The agonists are applied at regular intervals and control, test, and recovery periods are contiguous to allow comparisons to be made. This avoids artifacts caused by ap ...
The Auditory System
... nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally ...
... nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... size of the RF center is to stimulate the cell with a moving high contrast sinewave grating of optimal orientation, spatial and temporal frequencies for the cell, and to increase its size until the response of the neuron ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) correspond ...
... size of the RF center is to stimulate the cell with a moving high contrast sinewave grating of optimal orientation, spatial and temporal frequencies for the cell, and to increase its size until the response of the neuron ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) correspond ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
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... neurons (reviewed by Pearson and Doe, 2004; Brody and Odewald, 2002; Jacob et al., 2008). This sequence of events is recapitulated in vitro using isolated neuroblasts and is linked to the number of cell cycles that have progressed, suggesting that the derivation of different neuronal cell types from ...
... neurons (reviewed by Pearson and Doe, 2004; Brody and Odewald, 2002; Jacob et al., 2008). This sequence of events is recapitulated in vitro using isolated neuroblasts and is linked to the number of cell cycles that have progressed, suggesting that the derivation of different neuronal cell types from ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... We used retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses in Cebus monkeys to examine the organization of basal ganglia and cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these corti ...
... We used retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses in Cebus monkeys to examine the organization of basal ganglia and cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these corti ...