Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man
... 144 sequential trails. The order of peripheral LED illumination, which could be any one of the 13 LEDs, identical in both paradigms, was pseudo-random, eliciting equal numbers of saccades of 5, 15 and 25° amplitude, leftwards and rightwards. The interval between successive saccadic stimuli varied ra ...
... 144 sequential trails. The order of peripheral LED illumination, which could be any one of the 13 LEDs, identical in both paradigms, was pseudo-random, eliciting equal numbers of saccades of 5, 15 and 25° amplitude, leftwards and rightwards. The interval between successive saccadic stimuli varied ra ...
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... presence of a neuromodulator such as acetylcholine is necessary to generate lasting cortical plasticity. Nucleus basalis (NB), which has cholinergic and GABAergic projections to all areas of the neocortex, is active when animals are learning new tasks (Butt and Hodge 1997; Richardson and DeLong 1991 ...
... presence of a neuromodulator such as acetylcholine is necessary to generate lasting cortical plasticity. Nucleus basalis (NB), which has cholinergic and GABAergic projections to all areas of the neocortex, is active when animals are learning new tasks (Butt and Hodge 1997; Richardson and DeLong 1991 ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
UNER TAN SYNDROME REVIEW
... Department of Physiology, Çukurova University, Medical School, 01330 Adana, Turkey Abstract: This review includes for the first time a dynamical systems analysis of human quadrupedalism in Uner Tan syndrome, which is characterized by habitual quadrupedalism, impaired intelligence, and rudimentary sp ...
... Department of Physiology, Çukurova University, Medical School, 01330 Adana, Turkey Abstract: This review includes for the first time a dynamical systems analysis of human quadrupedalism in Uner Tan syndrome, which is characterized by habitual quadrupedalism, impaired intelligence, and rudimentary sp ...
EXTINCTION OF CONDITIONED MEANING
... responses in various aspects of language and conceptual behavior. ...
... responses in various aspects of language and conceptual behavior. ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Synaptic Integration in Rat Frontal Cortex Shaped by Network Activity
... FIG. 1. Extracellularly measured network activity increases coherently during periods associated with depolarized membrane potential of intracellularly recorded neurons. A: example of simultaneous intracellular recording of a neuron together with several other neurons recorded extracellularly with 4 ...
... FIG. 1. Extracellularly measured network activity increases coherently during periods associated with depolarized membrane potential of intracellularly recorded neurons. A: example of simultaneous intracellular recording of a neuron together with several other neurons recorded extracellularly with 4 ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
Development and organization of glial cells in the peripheral
... (A-C) Proximal region of a 2206 wing stained with (A) anti-β-gal, (B) anti-HRP, (C) double exposure of the same wing displayed in A and B to show glial and neuronal organization simultaneously. Neurons indicated as in Fig 1. The L1 nerve (L1) merges (open arrowhead) with the L3 nerve (L3) in the pro ...
... (A-C) Proximal region of a 2206 wing stained with (A) anti-β-gal, (B) anti-HRP, (C) double exposure of the same wing displayed in A and B to show glial and neuronal organization simultaneously. Neurons indicated as in Fig 1. The L1 nerve (L1) merges (open arrowhead) with the L3 nerve (L3) in the pro ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... only 1.9⫻ thicker gray matter (Table 1). Although cortical surface area (A) and cortical thickness (T) were correlated, variations in neuronal density in the cerebral cortex were not related to A ( ⫽ ⫺0.127, P ⫽ 0.7026, Spearman rank correlation; Fig. 2c). As found previously for a subgroup of thes ...
... only 1.9⫻ thicker gray matter (Table 1). Although cortical surface area (A) and cortical thickness (T) were correlated, variations in neuronal density in the cerebral cortex were not related to A ( ⫽ ⫺0.127, P ⫽ 0.7026, Spearman rank correlation; Fig. 2c). As found previously for a subgroup of thes ...
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... activity, which are then integrated with information from other sensory systems to guide behavior, including orienting movements to acoustical stimuli and intraspecies communication. The first stage of this transformation occurs at the external and middle ears, which collect sound waves and amplify ...
... activity, which are then integrated with information from other sensory systems to guide behavior, including orienting movements to acoustical stimuli and intraspecies communication. The first stage of this transformation occurs at the external and middle ears, which collect sound waves and amplify ...
Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals
... feedforward geniculate inputs activate classical receptive fields, whereas auditory signals activate the non-classical receptive field of V1 neurons, carried by cortical feedback. Top-down auditory signals to V1 may originate directly from auditory cortex, or indirectly via extrastriate cortex or mu ...
... feedforward geniculate inputs activate classical receptive fields, whereas auditory signals activate the non-classical receptive field of V1 neurons, carried by cortical feedback. Top-down auditory signals to V1 may originate directly from auditory cortex, or indirectly via extrastriate cortex or mu ...
Chapter 10 - MBFys Home Page
... Normal vision requires that the optical media of the eye be transparent, and both the cornea and the lens are remarkable examples of tissue specializations that achieve a level of transparency that rivals that found in inorganic materials such as glass. Not surprisingly, alterations in the compositi ...
... Normal vision requires that the optical media of the eye be transparent, and both the cornea and the lens are remarkable examples of tissue specializations that achieve a level of transparency that rivals that found in inorganic materials such as glass. Not surprisingly, alterations in the compositi ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... procedure was repeated. The resulting responses of multiple presentations then were added. Because we presented .675 stimuli all containing the BEF tone, habituation or adaptation sometimes caused the response to decrease over time. In those cases, we repeated the two-tone FRA several times. We used ...
... procedure was repeated. The resulting responses of multiple presentations then were added. Because we presented .675 stimuli all containing the BEF tone, habituation or adaptation sometimes caused the response to decrease over time. In those cases, we repeated the two-tone FRA several times. We used ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... the tasks the models have been shown to solve. In these tasks either no reward is given at all [31] or a reward is given or withheld at the end of every episode [32,33]. Such tasks are more akin to supervised learning paradigms, as the output of the network can be clearly identified as ‘right’ or ‘w ...
... the tasks the models have been shown to solve. In these tasks either no reward is given at all [31] or a reward is given or withheld at the end of every episode [32,33]. Such tasks are more akin to supervised learning paradigms, as the output of the network can be clearly identified as ‘right’ or ‘w ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Hasselmo, Michael E., Christiane Linster, Madhvi Patil, Daveena Ma, and Milos Cekic. Noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission may influence cortical signal-to-noise ratio. J. Neurophysi ...
... Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Hasselmo, Michael E., Christiane Linster, Madhvi Patil, Daveena Ma, and Milos Cekic. Noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission may influence cortical signal-to-noise ratio. J. Neurophysi ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... 1995). In layer II of medial entorhinal cortex, the oscillations appear to arise from interactions of two currents (Dickson et al., 2000; Fransén et al., 2004), a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) and a persistent sodium current (NaP). The interplay between these two currents allows t ...
... 1995). In layer II of medial entorhinal cortex, the oscillations appear to arise from interactions of two currents (Dickson et al., 2000; Fransén et al., 2004), a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) and a persistent sodium current (NaP). The interplay between these two currents allows t ...
Visual Response Properties in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate
... despite altered patterns of activity early in development, individual dLGN cells in the adult continue to be dominated by input from a single retinal ganglion cell as in normal animals (Chen and Regehr, 2000; Tavazoie and Reid, 2000), then visual responses may be unaffected. The present study aims t ...
... despite altered patterns of activity early in development, individual dLGN cells in the adult continue to be dominated by input from a single retinal ganglion cell as in normal animals (Chen and Regehr, 2000; Tavazoie and Reid, 2000), then visual responses may be unaffected. The present study aims t ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... possible if no saccade is necessary before a response is made; and that the neuronal responses had sharp onset latencies at t100 ms to eVective stimuli as illustrated in Fig. 1B. While searching for visual cells, the task was run with 12 images in a standard familiar set used every day that were rew ...
... possible if no saccade is necessary before a response is made; and that the neuronal responses had sharp onset latencies at t100 ms to eVective stimuli as illustrated in Fig. 1B. While searching for visual cells, the task was run with 12 images in a standard familiar set used every day that were rew ...
HTM Neuron paper 12-1
... properties of dendrites enable neurons to recognize multiple patterns. In this paper we extend this idea by showing that a neuron with several thousand synapses arranged along active dendrites can learn to accurately and robustly recognize hundreds of unique patterns of cellular activity, even in th ...
... properties of dendrites enable neurons to recognize multiple patterns. In this paper we extend this idea by showing that a neuron with several thousand synapses arranged along active dendrites can learn to accurately and robustly recognize hundreds of unique patterns of cellular activity, even in th ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... Drivers and modulators The nuclei of the dorsal thalamus are innervated by two types of afferent fibres, classified as either drivers or modulators; this classification is regardless of whether the fibres originate from cortical or subcortical structures (see Figure 3). Afferent fibres can be define ...
... Drivers and modulators The nuclei of the dorsal thalamus are innervated by two types of afferent fibres, classified as either drivers or modulators; this classification is regardless of whether the fibres originate from cortical or subcortical structures (see Figure 3). Afferent fibres can be define ...
Matching tutor to student: rules and mechanisms for
... memory consolidation, recent memories, that are dependent on the hippocampus, are transferred to the neocortex for long-term storage [12]. Similarly, the rat motor cortex provides essential input to sub-cortical circuits during skill learning, but then becomes dispensable for executing certain skill ...
... memory consolidation, recent memories, that are dependent on the hippocampus, are transferred to the neocortex for long-term storage [12]. Similarly, the rat motor cortex provides essential input to sub-cortical circuits during skill learning, but then becomes dispensable for executing certain skill ...
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... inappropriate plasticity could be destabilizing and even erase memories. As a result plasticity is regulated to prevent every random stimulus from modifying the brain. Attention is believed to be required for most forms of perceptual learning and regulates the plasticity associated with sensory expe ...
... inappropriate plasticity could be destabilizing and even erase memories. As a result plasticity is regulated to prevent every random stimulus from modifying the brain. Attention is believed to be required for most forms of perceptual learning and regulates the plasticity associated with sensory expe ...
Chemosensory Systems
... individual mitral cells may be tuned to compounds of specific C-chain length. Inhibitory inputs from neighboring glomeruli may sharpen tuning to the best stimulus or suppress responses to compounds in stimulus mixtures. Humans cannot identify individual odors in mixtures of more than 3 compounds. Du ...
... individual mitral cells may be tuned to compounds of specific C-chain length. Inhibitory inputs from neighboring glomeruli may sharpen tuning to the best stimulus or suppress responses to compounds in stimulus mixtures. Humans cannot identify individual odors in mixtures of more than 3 compounds. Du ...