CCNBook/Neuron
... understanding of the problems these mechanisms evolved to solve. It can thus make predictions for how a cognitive phenomenon (e.g., memory interference) is affected by changes at the neural level (due to disease, pharmacology, genetics, or similarly due to changes in the cognitive task parameters). ...
... understanding of the problems these mechanisms evolved to solve. It can thus make predictions for how a cognitive phenomenon (e.g., memory interference) is affected by changes at the neural level (due to disease, pharmacology, genetics, or similarly due to changes in the cognitive task parameters). ...
Birds, primates, and spoken language origins: behavioral
... Vocal learners such as humans and songbirds can learn to produce elaborate patterns of structurally organized vocalizations, whereas many other vertebrates such as non-human primates and most other bird groups either cannot or do so to a very limited degree. To explain the similarities among humans ...
... Vocal learners such as humans and songbirds can learn to produce elaborate patterns of structurally organized vocalizations, whereas many other vertebrates such as non-human primates and most other bird groups either cannot or do so to a very limited degree. To explain the similarities among humans ...
The subiculum comes of age
... Its position, long-range connectivity, and reciprocal local connections suggest that the subiculum may play a pivotal role in the hippocampal memory system. Long-term potentiation (LTP) (Commins et al., 1998, 1999) may be induced at the CA1–subicular pyramidal cell synapse but these connections appa ...
... Its position, long-range connectivity, and reciprocal local connections suggest that the subiculum may play a pivotal role in the hippocampal memory system. Long-term potentiation (LTP) (Commins et al., 1998, 1999) may be induced at the CA1–subicular pyramidal cell synapse but these connections appa ...
the axon hillock and the initial segment
... cells, basket cells, and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex; (b) pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex; (c) Deiters cells and smaller cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus; and (d) motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Some observations on initial segments of Deiters cells (2 ...
... cells, basket cells, and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex; (b) pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex; (c) Deiters cells and smaller cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus; and (d) motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Some observations on initial segments of Deiters cells (2 ...
Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells
... between AP activity and movement6. The quantitative analysis of such recordings by an AP population vector9,10 and by real-time analysis of AP activity in M1—motivated by the desire to construct cortically controlled neuroprosthetic devices11–14—has led to the conclusion that the activity of only a ...
... between AP activity and movement6. The quantitative analysis of such recordings by an AP population vector9,10 and by real-time analysis of AP activity in M1—motivated by the desire to construct cortically controlled neuroprosthetic devices11–14—has led to the conclusion that the activity of only a ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... genesis, migration and neurite outgrowth normally exhibited by the various classes of nerve cells that populate the nervous system. In addition, it is obvious that many CNS neurones persistently support a gradual elongation of their axons in harmony with the growth of the entire organism, an extensi ...
... genesis, migration and neurite outgrowth normally exhibited by the various classes of nerve cells that populate the nervous system. In addition, it is obvious that many CNS neurones persistently support a gradual elongation of their axons in harmony with the growth of the entire organism, an extensi ...
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala
... associated specifically with fear stimuli that evoked a phasic skin conductance arousal response. This pattern of activity may represent a “visceral” system subserving the subjective appraisal of threat (15–19). By contrast, distinct hippocampus lateral prefrontal activity was elicited by stimuli th ...
... associated specifically with fear stimuli that evoked a phasic skin conductance arousal response. This pattern of activity may represent a “visceral” system subserving the subjective appraisal of threat (15–19). By contrast, distinct hippocampus lateral prefrontal activity was elicited by stimuli th ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... surface of the skull (2 in each parietal bone and 1 in each frontal bone) to provide structural support for the head cap. The 2 middle screws had attached leads to serve as a reference wire and a grounding wire. A craniotomy and durotomy were performed to expose the cortex in the region of primary a ...
... surface of the skull (2 in each parietal bone and 1 in each frontal bone) to provide structural support for the head cap. The 2 middle screws had attached leads to serve as a reference wire and a grounding wire. A craniotomy and durotomy were performed to expose the cortex in the region of primary a ...
Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for
... analysis of behavior and its underlying neural mechanisms (Chen and Tonegawa 1997; Wehner et al. 1996). Knockout and transgenic mice have been developed as animal models for the study of human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Flood and Morley 1998; Nalbantoglu et al. 1997), Down's syndrome (Sch ...
... analysis of behavior and its underlying neural mechanisms (Chen and Tonegawa 1997; Wehner et al. 1996). Knockout and transgenic mice have been developed as animal models for the study of human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Flood and Morley 1998; Nalbantoglu et al. 1997), Down's syndrome (Sch ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... robust compression of the salient features of a stimulus into a representation that has the essential property of invariance. The decoding stage involves the challenging task of decompressing this invariant and compressed representation into a high-dimensional representation that facilitates further ...
... robust compression of the salient features of a stimulus into a representation that has the essential property of invariance. The decoding stage involves the challenging task of decompressing this invariant and compressed representation into a high-dimensional representation that facilitates further ...
Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans
... We first established that mitral cells throughout the olfactory bulb can be infected by rabies virus via their axons (Supplementary Fig. 7). We then applied our strategy (Fig. 1a, b) to specific areas of the AON, piriform cortex and cortical amygdala (Supplementary Fig. 1b), and examined the distrib ...
... We first established that mitral cells throughout the olfactory bulb can be infected by rabies virus via their axons (Supplementary Fig. 7). We then applied our strategy (Fig. 1a, b) to specific areas of the AON, piriform cortex and cortical amygdala (Supplementary Fig. 1b), and examined the distrib ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equations, one can better understand its function, r ...
... The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equations, one can better understand its function, r ...
Differentiating Noxious- and Innocuous
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
Article PDF
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and milk6) and IMP (which is present ...
... neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and milk6) and IMP (which is present ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... For example, the PCTX was shown to receive input from predominantly mitral cells, while the OT was shown to get most of its projections from tufted cells; clear gradients of axons were also revealed, with the anterior PCTX receiving more afferents than the posterior PCTX, and the lateral OT receivin ...
... For example, the PCTX was shown to receive input from predominantly mitral cells, while the OT was shown to get most of its projections from tufted cells; clear gradients of axons were also revealed, with the anterior PCTX receiving more afferents than the posterior PCTX, and the lateral OT receivin ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... unequal cellular density (Richman et al. 1975), or other mechanical interactions of brain structures, such as friction of the cortical sheet with underlying subcortical structures (His 1874) or the association of the cortical plate with the sub-plate during development (Armstrong et al. 1995). Howev ...
... unequal cellular density (Richman et al. 1975), or other mechanical interactions of brain structures, such as friction of the cortical sheet with underlying subcortical structures (His 1874) or the association of the cortical plate with the sub-plate during development (Armstrong et al. 1995). Howev ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
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... reduced the neural discrimination ability of speech sounds. Intracellular recordings from affected neurons revealed that reduced expression of Kiaa0319 increased neural excitability and input resistance. These results provide the first evidence that decreased expression of the dyslexia-associated gen ...
... reduced the neural discrimination ability of speech sounds. Intracellular recordings from affected neurons revealed that reduced expression of Kiaa0319 increased neural excitability and input resistance. These results provide the first evidence that decreased expression of the dyslexia-associated gen ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... the animal was unrestrained in a 30 × 30 cm cage and sounds were presented from a calibrated magnetic speaker (Tucker Davis Technologies, Alachua, FL, USA) mounted 35 cm directly above the animal (Rennaker, Street, et al. 2005; Rennaker, Ruyle, et al. 2005). A headstage amplifier was directly attache ...
... the animal was unrestrained in a 30 × 30 cm cage and sounds were presented from a calibrated magnetic speaker (Tucker Davis Technologies, Alachua, FL, USA) mounted 35 cm directly above the animal (Rennaker, Street, et al. 2005; Rennaker, Ruyle, et al. 2005). A headstage amplifier was directly attache ...