Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... complex movements. These movements were reliable and could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the init ...
... complex movements. These movements were reliable and could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the init ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... preparations, is of large, angular, and densely staining somata. Near the edges of the claustrum, these tend to be elongated parallel to the edge, but elsewhere, there is no orderly alignment of cells like that characteristic of cerebral cortex. In Golgi preparations, two common cell types and a thi ...
... preparations, is of large, angular, and densely staining somata. Near the edges of the claustrum, these tend to be elongated parallel to the edge, but elsewhere, there is no orderly alignment of cells like that characteristic of cerebral cortex. In Golgi preparations, two common cell types and a thi ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... cortical circuits adjust to recent visual input, but they have left unclear how a particular sensory event alters the distributed representation of information in the visual system. This is because studies, understandably, have focused on measuring effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for ...
... cortical circuits adjust to recent visual input, but they have left unclear how a particular sensory event alters the distributed representation of information in the visual system. This is because studies, understandably, have focused on measuring effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... feeding the taste to satiety (143, 187). In macaques, neural processing peripheral to the primary taste cortex is consistent with this finding: Taste responses in the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (159) are not influenced by feeding to satiety (189). Activations of the insular ta ...
... feeding the taste to satiety (143, 187). In macaques, neural processing peripheral to the primary taste cortex is consistent with this finding: Taste responses in the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (159) are not influenced by feeding to satiety (189). Activations of the insular ta ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the earliest synaptic response: the first 30 ms following whisker deflection. Respons ...
... The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the earliest synaptic response: the first 30 ms following whisker deflection. Respons ...
Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... output to be formed by self-organization of the synapses in s. l-m. In keeping with physiological evidence showing that synapses in s. l-m have a much weaker influence than synapses in s. rad (Andersen et al., 1966; Doller and Weight, 1982; Yeckel and Berger, 1990; Colbert and Levy, 1992), each syna ...
... output to be formed by self-organization of the synapses in s. l-m. In keeping with physiological evidence showing that synapses in s. l-m have a much weaker influence than synapses in s. rad (Andersen et al., 1966; Doller and Weight, 1982; Yeckel and Berger, 1990; Colbert and Levy, 1992), each syna ...
Two Critical and Functionally Distinct Stages of Face and Body Perception
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... of the guide tube wasperformedunder anesthesiawith ketathat monkey must fixate after the central fixation point went off (saccade task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while t ...
... of the guide tube wasperformedunder anesthesiawith ketathat monkey must fixate after the central fixation point went off (saccade task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while t ...
identification of cell types in brain slices of the inferior colliculus
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... Roffwarg et al. (1966), indicated in blue, posited a role for brainstem activity during active sleep in direct ascending activation of the cortex and descending activation of the musculature. This hypothesis is elaborated here to include an additional component, indicated in red, whereby brainstem-i ...
... Roffwarg et al. (1966), indicated in blue, posited a role for brainstem activity during active sleep in direct ascending activation of the cortex and descending activation of the musculature. This hypothesis is elaborated here to include an additional component, indicated in red, whereby brainstem-i ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... 2006; Serences and Yantis 2006). The overall concept is that incoming visual information is prioritized based on salience and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is th ...
... 2006; Serences and Yantis 2006). The overall concept is that incoming visual information is prioritized based on salience and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is th ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... vigilance state in humans and other mammals paradoxically characterized by cortical activation and rapid eye movements, but associated with a complete disappearance of the muscle tone (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953; Dement, 1958; Jouvet and Michel, 1959). This phase of sleep, coined paradoxical sleep ...
... vigilance state in humans and other mammals paradoxically characterized by cortical activation and rapid eye movements, but associated with a complete disappearance of the muscle tone (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953; Dement, 1958; Jouvet and Michel, 1959). This phase of sleep, coined paradoxical sleep ...
NEUROGENESIS IN THE ANTERIOR OLFACTORY NUCLEUS AND
... was designated embryonic day one (El). Normally, births occur on E23, which is also designated as postnatal day zero (P0). The postnatal developmental series had two groups of rat pups, each group containing males from at least two litters. The pups were given four (P0-P3, P2-P5) consecutive daily i ...
... was designated embryonic day one (El). Normally, births occur on E23, which is also designated as postnatal day zero (P0). The postnatal developmental series had two groups of rat pups, each group containing males from at least two litters. The pups were given four (P0-P3, P2-P5) consecutive daily i ...
CELL MIGRATION IN THE FOREBRAIN
... of radial organization in the CNS is founded on the principle that there is a pointto-point relationship between the ventricular zone (VZ) of the neural tube and the pial surface. During development, the radial glial scaffold provides the physical link between these two structures (the glial coordin ...
... of radial organization in the CNS is founded on the principle that there is a pointto-point relationship between the ventricular zone (VZ) of the neural tube and the pial surface. During development, the radial glial scaffold provides the physical link between these two structures (the glial coordin ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... perception evoke the same representations. In contrast, multivariate pattern classification can establish the encoding of specific contents (Mika et al. 2001; Haxby et al. 2001; Spiridon and Kanwisher 2002; Cox and Savoy 2003; Carlson et al. 2003; Kamitani and Tong 2005; Haynes and Rees 2005a, 2006; N ...
... perception evoke the same representations. In contrast, multivariate pattern classification can establish the encoding of specific contents (Mika et al. 2001; Haxby et al. 2001; Spiridon and Kanwisher 2002; Cox and Savoy 2003; Carlson et al. 2003; Kamitani and Tong 2005; Haynes and Rees 2005a, 2006; N ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... models’ Kenyon cell responses, we established respective pairs of type A and type B orientation-sensitive neuronal inputs. This was done in such a way that if, for example, a Kenyon cell received an excitatory input from a type A originating from the ventral-left eye and an inhibitory type B synapse ...
... models’ Kenyon cell responses, we established respective pairs of type A and type B orientation-sensitive neuronal inputs. This was done in such a way that if, for example, a Kenyon cell received an excitatory input from a type A originating from the ventral-left eye and an inhibitory type B synapse ...
disparity detection from stereo
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... Simple). The Connections Test was selected for this study because performance is robustly affected by age, relates strongly to other measures of processing speed, and predicts age-related cognitive changes for constructs such as reasoning (Salthouse, 2005), thereby providing generalization of findin ...
... Simple). The Connections Test was selected for this study because performance is robustly affected by age, relates strongly to other measures of processing speed, and predicts age-related cognitive changes for constructs such as reasoning (Salthouse, 2005), thereby providing generalization of findin ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... with a mid-gray field of equal mean luminance. Voxels with correlations above a liberal threshold (r \0.23 with 0–9 s time lag) were included in further analyses. This correlation threshold of r\0.23 corresponds to a PB 0.025 (one-tailed) significance level with n =72 given that the 72 points in the ...
... with a mid-gray field of equal mean luminance. Voxels with correlations above a liberal threshold (r \0.23 with 0–9 s time lag) were included in further analyses. This correlation threshold of r\0.23 corresponds to a PB 0.025 (one-tailed) significance level with n =72 given that the 72 points in the ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
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... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...
... helps to form similar patterns in topographic maps; disparity selectivity of neurons changes smoothly along the neural plane. In summary, the work here is novel in the following aspects: 1) the first laminar model (paired layers in each area) for stereo; 2) the first utilization of temporal signals ...