How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... a delayed increase in inhibitory conductance (blue trace). The calculated reversal potential of the synaptic response (gray trace) reaches 0 mV (the reversal potential for glutamatergic excitation) immediately after the synaptic conductance begins to rise and becomes hyperpolarized (toward the rever ...
... a delayed increase in inhibitory conductance (blue trace). The calculated reversal potential of the synaptic response (gray trace) reaches 0 mV (the reversal potential for glutamatergic excitation) immediately after the synaptic conductance begins to rise and becomes hyperpolarized (toward the rever ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... from outside the injected areas were not responsive to light stimulation. Thus, optogenetic inhibition of MSNs was able to block firing in response to excitatory currents which were many times greater than synaptic inputs recorded in vivo (Wickens and Wilson 1998). ...
... from outside the injected areas were not responsive to light stimulation. Thus, optogenetic inhibition of MSNs was able to block firing in response to excitatory currents which were many times greater than synaptic inputs recorded in vivo (Wickens and Wilson 1998). ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... the adjustment of synaptic weights. While many types of neuron exhibit synaptic plasticity, in most cases it appears to be controlled by a Hebbian-like mechanism that depends mainly on local presynaptic-postsynaptic correlation. As discussed later, a Hebbian mechanism functions well for some types o ...
... the adjustment of synaptic weights. While many types of neuron exhibit synaptic plasticity, in most cases it appears to be controlled by a Hebbian-like mechanism that depends mainly on local presynaptic-postsynaptic correlation. As discussed later, a Hebbian mechanism functions well for some types o ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... both can be perceived as a pure tone that is generated in the central auditory system. Both can be induced by a ‘‘spectral gap’’ in the auditory-nerve activity. A common type of central tinnitus develops over days following peripheral hearing loss, and the perceived pitch of the illusionary pure ton ...
... both can be perceived as a pure tone that is generated in the central auditory system. Both can be induced by a ‘‘spectral gap’’ in the auditory-nerve activity. A common type of central tinnitus develops over days following peripheral hearing loss, and the perceived pitch of the illusionary pure ton ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... have little doubt that the person in question is going to pick up a book, even if the book is not visible. Full visual information about an action is not necessary to recognize its goal. Action understanding could be based on a mechanism that can trigger the internal motor representation of the acti ...
... have little doubt that the person in question is going to pick up a book, even if the book is not visible. Full visual information about an action is not necessary to recognize its goal. Action understanding could be based on a mechanism that can trigger the internal motor representation of the acti ...
Reflex arcs PowerPoint
... Stimulation of the Reflex Response The speed of the reflex response can be increase by several factors: Exposure to adrenaline (Sympathetic Nervous System) Exposure to stimulant drugs (Caffeine, Beta Amphetamines/Speed) ...
... Stimulation of the Reflex Response The speed of the reflex response can be increase by several factors: Exposure to adrenaline (Sympathetic Nervous System) Exposure to stimulant drugs (Caffeine, Beta Amphetamines/Speed) ...
Bidirectional propagation of Action potentials
... component and a secretory output component. Each cell possess a resting membrane potential due to unequal distribution of ions. Ion pumps actively keep the K+ concentration in the cell high and the Na+ concentration low. The membrane is selectively permeable to K+ ions due to porebuilding proteins c ...
... component and a secretory output component. Each cell possess a resting membrane potential due to unequal distribution of ions. Ion pumps actively keep the K+ concentration in the cell high and the Na+ concentration low. The membrane is selectively permeable to K+ ions due to porebuilding proteins c ...
Vestibular System
... o Normal: nystagmus occurs in the direction of the spin during rotation; occurs in the opposite direction when rotation abruptly stopped (post-rotary nystagmus) Carloric or Thermal Test: head tilted backward 60 degrees (horizontal canal in vertical plane); warm or cold water (7 degrees above or belo ...
... o Normal: nystagmus occurs in the direction of the spin during rotation; occurs in the opposite direction when rotation abruptly stopped (post-rotary nystagmus) Carloric or Thermal Test: head tilted backward 60 degrees (horizontal canal in vertical plane); warm or cold water (7 degrees above or belo ...
Neurons in the Most Superficial Lamina of the Mouse Superior
... rons in the most superficial lamina of the mouse SGS. around the craniotomy to block light from the visual stimulus during imaging. The SC was covered by 2.5% agarose in ACSF for stability. Materials and Methods Imaging was performed with a two-photon microscope (2P-SGS; Prairie Animal preparation. ...
... rons in the most superficial lamina of the mouse SGS. around the craniotomy to block light from the visual stimulus during imaging. The SC was covered by 2.5% agarose in ACSF for stability. Materials and Methods Imaging was performed with a two-photon microscope (2P-SGS; Prairie Animal preparation. ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... was used to separate periods of neural activity occurring during task performance from periods of continuous raw data acquisition. Analogue trigger signals occurred when the animal’s reaching forelimb deformed a laser beam and were used to isolate a 3-second epoch of neural data: starting 1.5 second ...
... was used to separate periods of neural activity occurring during task performance from periods of continuous raw data acquisition. Analogue trigger signals occurred when the animal’s reaching forelimb deformed a laser beam and were used to isolate a 3-second epoch of neural data: starting 1.5 second ...
Neuronal Competition and Selection During Memory Formation
... process. These studies reveal multiple aspects of this competition by advantaging (CREBWT) and disadvantaging (CREBS133A) subsets of neurons (Fig. 4B). The precise mechanism by which CREB confers a competitive advantage to a neuron is unknown. Neurons infected with a vector expressing constitutively ...
... process. These studies reveal multiple aspects of this competition by advantaging (CREBWT) and disadvantaging (CREBS133A) subsets of neurons (Fig. 4B). The precise mechanism by which CREB confers a competitive advantage to a neuron is unknown. Neurons infected with a vector expressing constitutively ...
PDF
... Fig. 1. Generation and migration of neocortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (A,B) Excitatory and inhibitory neurons originate from different germinal zones of the embryonic telencephalon. (A) Cortical excitatory neurons are generated from progenitor cells (Pax6+, orange) residing in the ventr ...
... Fig. 1. Generation and migration of neocortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (A,B) Excitatory and inhibitory neurons originate from different germinal zones of the embryonic telencephalon. (A) Cortical excitatory neurons are generated from progenitor cells (Pax6+, orange) residing in the ventr ...
Biology
... Sodium ions then rush across the membrane, stimulating the next cell. If the stimulation exceeds the cell’s threshold, a new impulse begins. ...
... Sodium ions then rush across the membrane, stimulating the next cell. If the stimulation exceeds the cell’s threshold, a new impulse begins. ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... no interaction (p > 0.05). The failure to observe behavioral changes following safe choices may be due to monkey’s general dislike for, and thus high baseline rate of switching away from, this option. Importantly, the differential effects of stimulation following risky and safe choices preclude the ...
... no interaction (p > 0.05). The failure to observe behavioral changes following safe choices may be due to monkey’s general dislike for, and thus high baseline rate of switching away from, this option. Importantly, the differential effects of stimulation following risky and safe choices preclude the ...
PDF
... Omitting electric shocks during further odor presentations gradually restores the odor’s original hedonic valence—the aversive memory is extinguished (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully and Quinn, 1985). The fly thus keeps a record of its experience, which it uses to inform its actions. Olfactory-driven acti ...
... Omitting electric shocks during further odor presentations gradually restores the odor’s original hedonic valence—the aversive memory is extinguished (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully and Quinn, 1985). The fly thus keeps a record of its experience, which it uses to inform its actions. Olfactory-driven acti ...
Coefficient of Variation (CV) vs Mean Interspike Interval (ISI) curves
... experimentally, we will postulate that neuronal firing in cortical cells is of Poisson-type. Apart from the work mentioned above [15,18], other earlier experimental studies have shown that cortical neuron firing is highly irregular; Smith and Smith [17] investigated the spontaneous cortical activity ...
... experimentally, we will postulate that neuronal firing in cortical cells is of Poisson-type. Apart from the work mentioned above [15,18], other earlier experimental studies have shown that cortical neuron firing is highly irregular; Smith and Smith [17] investigated the spontaneous cortical activity ...
supplemental figures
... started being activated from trigger (neuron #157). (b) An example of neurons first inhibited at trigger, then activated after trigger (neuron #197). (c) An example of neurons started being activated before the trigger (neuron #233). The inset color bar in all panels beside x axis is thermograph of ...
... started being activated from trigger (neuron #157). (b) An example of neurons first inhibited at trigger, then activated after trigger (neuron #197). (c) An example of neurons started being activated before the trigger (neuron #233). The inset color bar in all panels beside x axis is thermograph of ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... be asymptomatic with no obvious memory loss. Even the most rigorous analysis of neuron loss would not reveal the transitional neurons as “missing,” because they represent only a few percent of the total number of neurons and likely still appear normal in the Nissl stains used to estimate total neuro ...
... be asymptomatic with no obvious memory loss. Even the most rigorous analysis of neuron loss would not reveal the transitional neurons as “missing,” because they represent only a few percent of the total number of neurons and likely still appear normal in the Nissl stains used to estimate total neuro ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of Brodmann’s area 6. F2 and F7, which lie in the superio ...
... (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of Brodmann’s area 6. F2 and F7, which lie in the superio ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral trial in the RTP task starting with the blue target, proceeding through the green targets, and ending at the red target. A sample tra ...
... four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral trial in the RTP task starting with the blue target, proceeding through the green targets, and ending at the red target. A sample tra ...
Neural Correlates for Perception of 3D Surface Orientation from
... (24 ). In humans, the caudal intraparietal area, a human homolog of CIP, was activated when subjects attended to a 3D visual feature defined by texture gradients (25) and other kinds of depth cues (26, 27 ). However, it is uncertain how texture gradient signals are processed before they reach CIP. A ...
... (24 ). In humans, the caudal intraparietal area, a human homolog of CIP, was activated when subjects attended to a 3D visual feature defined by texture gradients (25) and other kinds of depth cues (26, 27 ). However, it is uncertain how texture gradient signals are processed before they reach CIP. A ...
Molecular anatomical investigation of the 2
... We aimed to address the following specific aims: 1. Is the mRNA and protein of DGL-α present in hippocampal excitatory neurons? 2. What is the subcellular distribution pattern of DGL-α, is it present at excitatory synapses? 3. Which type of excitatory cells express CB1 mRNA and what is its subcellul ...
... We aimed to address the following specific aims: 1. Is the mRNA and protein of DGL-α present in hippocampal excitatory neurons? 2. What is the subcellular distribution pattern of DGL-α, is it present at excitatory synapses? 3. Which type of excitatory cells express CB1 mRNA and what is its subcellul ...
Article - Dynamic Connectome Lab
... the layers above and below the soma, while the LFP magnitude is largest in the soma layer and decreases in the layers above and below the soma. The differences between the results for the L4 spiny stellate models are small, so we concentrate on the pyramidal neuron population results. For the L2/3 p ...
... the layers above and below the soma, while the LFP magnitude is largest in the soma layer and decreases in the layers above and below the soma. The differences between the results for the L4 spiny stellate models are small, so we concentrate on the pyramidal neuron population results. For the L2/3 p ...
Presynaptic Modulation of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
... region shows that the fluorescence arises from fibers and their associated presynaptic boutons (Fig. 3A, right). These boutons vary in size (Fig. 3A, arrows), consistent with electron microscopy studies that found RGC terminals to range from 2 to 6 m in diameter (Rafols and Valverde, 1973; Hamos et ...
... region shows that the fluorescence arises from fibers and their associated presynaptic boutons (Fig. 3A, right). These boutons vary in size (Fig. 3A, arrows), consistent with electron microscopy studies that found RGC terminals to range from 2 to 6 m in diameter (Rafols and Valverde, 1973; Hamos et ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.