Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and reflexes
... by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn ...
... by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... invasive in vivo observation of rapid sensory circuit development, from differentiation [22] to mature neurons driving behavioral responses [23]. Studies in the developing brain have described mechanisms controlling large-scale circuit patterning [24], finescale morphogenesis [21], and rules by whic ...
... invasive in vivo observation of rapid sensory circuit development, from differentiation [22] to mature neurons driving behavioral responses [23]. Studies in the developing brain have described mechanisms controlling large-scale circuit patterning [24], finescale morphogenesis [21], and rules by whic ...
The Basal Ganglia
... the thalamus and cerebral cortex. These circuits ar The Skel to~otor Circuit Engages Specific Portions largely segregated, bath structurally and functionally. Each circuit originates in a specific area of the of the Cer bral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus cerebral cortex and engages different p ...
... the thalamus and cerebral cortex. These circuits ar The Skel to~otor Circuit Engages Specific Portions largely segregated, bath structurally and functionally. Each circuit originates in a specific area of the of the Cer bral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus cerebral cortex and engages different p ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance
... might indeed occur in some situations when the behavior of the observed person is difficult to interpret.5–7 However, the ease with which we usually understand what others are doing suggests that an alternative mechanism might be involved in action perception. The essence of this alternative syste ...
... might indeed occur in some situations when the behavior of the observed person is difficult to interpret.5–7 However, the ease with which we usually understand what others are doing suggests that an alternative mechanism might be involved in action perception. The essence of this alternative syste ...
A monument of inefficiency: The presumed course of the recurrent
... extant relatives of sauropods, sounds are generated by other regions of the respiratory tract that are not innervated by the ...
... extant relatives of sauropods, sounds are generated by other regions of the respiratory tract that are not innervated by the ...
PAX: A mixed hardware/software simulation platform for
... al, 2007). For such applications, LIF neuron models are generally implemented, using simple analog cells to simulate a point neuron. However, when the system reaches the network level or integrates plasticity rules, digital hardware is preferred for connectivity computation and/or control. Event-bas ...
... al, 2007). For such applications, LIF neuron models are generally implemented, using simple analog cells to simulate a point neuron. However, when the system reaches the network level or integrates plasticity rules, digital hardware is preferred for connectivity computation and/or control. Event-bas ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... mixture of ketamine (85 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (15 mg/kg, i.p.), the mouse’s head was fixed in a custom-made head holder by rigidly clamping between the palate and nasal/frontal bones. The mouth bar was adjusted to align the bregma and points of the skull in one horizontal plane. The scalp was ...
... mixture of ketamine (85 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (15 mg/kg, i.p.), the mouse’s head was fixed in a custom-made head holder by rigidly clamping between the palate and nasal/frontal bones. The mouth bar was adjusted to align the bregma and points of the skull in one horizontal plane. The scalp was ...
Simulation of signal flow in 3D reconstructions of an anatomically
... The three-dimensional (3D) structure of neural circuits represents an essential constraint for information flow in the brain. Methods to directly monitor streams of excitation, at subcellular and millisecond resolution, are at present lacking. Here, we describe a pipeline of tools that allow investi ...
... The three-dimensional (3D) structure of neural circuits represents an essential constraint for information flow in the brain. Methods to directly monitor streams of excitation, at subcellular and millisecond resolution, are at present lacking. Here, we describe a pipeline of tools that allow investi ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... male uses a series of both chemosensory and mechanosensory behaviors during mating. Male mating is the most complex behavior executed by C. elegans. The male nervous system possesses 381 neurons to the hermaphrodite’s 302 (Sulston et al., 1980; White et al., 1986). Sexual dimorphism is reflected in ...
... male uses a series of both chemosensory and mechanosensory behaviors during mating. Male mating is the most complex behavior executed by C. elegans. The male nervous system possesses 381 neurons to the hermaphrodite’s 302 (Sulston et al., 1980; White et al., 1986). Sexual dimorphism is reflected in ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of
... Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for neurons in the fastigial nucleus in normal conditions showed a predominance of polymodal neurons (64.5%) (Fig. 3, B, III). There were significantly fewer mono- and bimodal neurons (22.6% and 12.9% respectively) (Fig. 3, B, I, II). Analysis of the di ...
... Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for neurons in the fastigial nucleus in normal conditions showed a predominance of polymodal neurons (64.5%) (Fig. 3, B, III). There were significantly fewer mono- and bimodal neurons (22.6% and 12.9% respectively) (Fig. 3, B, I, II). Analysis of the di ...
NA EXAM 3 (May 2001)
... There are two pathways for the projections from the basal ganglia output nuclei to the thalamus. The ansa lenticularis is the longer pathway that courses inferior to and around the posterior limb of the internal capsule, on its way to various thalamic targets. It can only been seen in one oblique se ...
... There are two pathways for the projections from the basal ganglia output nuclei to the thalamus. The ansa lenticularis is the longer pathway that courses inferior to and around the posterior limb of the internal capsule, on its way to various thalamic targets. It can only been seen in one oblique se ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... which surveys the different types of coordinated fin movements in swimming teleost fish [11]. Like swimming, basic rhythmic orofacial movements are thought to depend on the presence of central pattern generators (CPGs), which could be implemented by small networks of neurons in the brainstem. In thi ...
... which surveys the different types of coordinated fin movements in swimming teleost fish [11]. Like swimming, basic rhythmic orofacial movements are thought to depend on the presence of central pattern generators (CPGs), which could be implemented by small networks of neurons in the brainstem. In thi ...
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
... H. Age-related changes 11. Reduced dendrites and dendritic spines 12. Intracellular neuronal changes a. Decreased Nissl substance (ribosomes) b. In the hippocampus, particularly: ...
... H. Age-related changes 11. Reduced dendrites and dendritic spines 12. Intracellular neuronal changes a. Decreased Nissl substance (ribosomes) b. In the hippocampus, particularly: ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
file
... Responsive sites that had clearly discontinuous best frequencies, along with long-latency responses, high thresholds or very broad tuning were considered to be non-A1 sample sites and were not included in these sample data. To determine the RRTF for each site, six tones (25 ms with 5-ms ramps, 70 dB ...
... Responsive sites that had clearly discontinuous best frequencies, along with long-latency responses, high thresholds or very broad tuning were considered to be non-A1 sample sites and were not included in these sample data. To determine the RRTF for each site, six tones (25 ms with 5-ms ramps, 70 dB ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... o Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles 2. Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS) o Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue ...
... o Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles 2. Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS) o Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue ...
A comparison of the distribution and morphology of ChAT
... ABSTRACT: Present knowledge concerning the organization of cholinergic structures of the spinal cord has been derived primarily from studies on small laboratory animals, while there is a complete lack of information concerning its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyl ...
... ABSTRACT: Present knowledge concerning the organization of cholinergic structures of the spinal cord has been derived primarily from studies on small laboratory animals, while there is a complete lack of information concerning its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyl ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). In relation to Pavlovian conditioning another important phenomenon is the conditioned reinforcement (CRf). If a neutral stimulus is pared with a primary reinforcer, the stimulus gains affective or motivational value, therefore the animal works for the stimulus ...
... Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). In relation to Pavlovian conditioning another important phenomenon is the conditioned reinforcement (CRf). If a neutral stimulus is pared with a primary reinforcer, the stimulus gains affective or motivational value, therefore the animal works for the stimulus ...
Central projections of auditory receptor neurons of crickets
... We describe the central projections of physiologically characterized auditory receptor neurons of crickets as revealed by confocal microscopy. Receptors tuned to ultrasonic frequencies (similar to those produced by echolocating, insectivorous bats), to a mid-range of frequencies, and a subset of tho ...
... We describe the central projections of physiologically characterized auditory receptor neurons of crickets as revealed by confocal microscopy. Receptors tuned to ultrasonic frequencies (similar to those produced by echolocating, insectivorous bats), to a mid-range of frequencies, and a subset of tho ...
Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning
... complex spikes in arm-reaching movement in monkeys. The results showed that complex spike firing carries information about the target direction in the early phase of the movement, whereas it carries information about the end-point error near the end of the movement. The coding of end-point error is ...
... complex spikes in arm-reaching movement in monkeys. The results showed that complex spike firing carries information about the target direction in the early phase of the movement, whereas it carries information about the end-point error near the end of the movement. The coding of end-point error is ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
Axons break in animals lacking β-spectrin
... in response to growth cone migration (Lamoureux et al., 1992). Strains may also result from external forces, such as impact experienced in traumatic head injury. However, the mechanism for the elasticity of axons and dendrites is unknown, as is the response of neurons to breaks caused by the loss of ...
... in response to growth cone migration (Lamoureux et al., 1992). Strains may also result from external forces, such as impact experienced in traumatic head injury. However, the mechanism for the elasticity of axons and dendrites is unknown, as is the response of neurons to breaks caused by the loss of ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.