Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in
... was slower and in some cases took several seconds. In response to high frequency (10 Hz) stimulation of the giant fibre, the wings remained tonically open (45 ° relative to the body axis) for several seconds. In spite of continued stimulation, however, the wings did not remain open but closed to an ...
... was slower and in some cases took several seconds. In response to high frequency (10 Hz) stimulation of the giant fibre, the wings remained tonically open (45 ° relative to the body axis) for several seconds. In spite of continued stimulation, however, the wings did not remain open but closed to an ...
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
... produced a 1:1 response in those muscles innervated by nerve 2. In this and in similar subsequent diagrams, anterior ifl to the right. The asterisks show the position of the spiracles. ...
... produced a 1:1 response in those muscles innervated by nerve 2. In this and in similar subsequent diagrams, anterior ifl to the right. The asterisks show the position of the spiracles. ...
Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Dorsal (posterior) horns Ventral (anterior)horns Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) ...
... Dorsal (posterior) horns Ventral (anterior)horns Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... of the ipsilateral segmental ventral root and their morphology and location in the intermediolateral cell column and intercalated nucleus. In all SPNs, electrical stimulation of the RVLM evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were mediated by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and ...
... of the ipsilateral segmental ventral root and their morphology and location in the intermediolateral cell column and intercalated nucleus. In all SPNs, electrical stimulation of the RVLM evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were mediated by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... related to specific prior information. They must be viewed as an important step in establishing a functional, preparatory meaning of these changes. Indeed, the systematic manipulation of prior information induces parameter-specific reductions in reaction time (see section 2). Third, preparatory chan ...
... related to specific prior information. They must be viewed as an important step in establishing a functional, preparatory meaning of these changes. Indeed, the systematic manipulation of prior information induces parameter-specific reductions in reaction time (see section 2). Third, preparatory chan ...
Non-Cell-Autonomous Effect of Human SOD1G37R
... in vitro that expressed postmitotic motor neuron markers, made neuromuscular junctions, and fired action potentials. Subsequently, we cocultured the human embryonic stem cell (hESC)derived motor neurons with human primary astrocytes expressing either the wild-type or the mutated form of SOD1 protein ...
... in vitro that expressed postmitotic motor neuron markers, made neuromuscular junctions, and fired action potentials. Subsequently, we cocultured the human embryonic stem cell (hESC)derived motor neurons with human primary astrocytes expressing either the wild-type or the mutated form of SOD1 protein ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... has led to the suggestion that the cortex operates via an interaction between feed-forward and feedback information [30–32]. In this scenario, feedback provides context or predictive information for modulating neural activity in a given area [33–35], and also provides a mechanism for the cortex to a ...
... has led to the suggestion that the cortex operates via an interaction between feed-forward and feedback information [30–32]. In this scenario, feedback provides context or predictive information for modulating neural activity in a given area [33–35], and also provides a mechanism for the cortex to a ...
Learning receptive fields using predictive feedback
... input. In a neural network, the subtractive process is carried out using feedback connections, so that at each iteration of the algorithm the residual input is described by the activity of the LGN and the projection of the residual input onto the remaining basis vectors is implemented using feedforw ...
... input. In a neural network, the subtractive process is carried out using feedback connections, so that at each iteration of the algorithm the residual input is described by the activity of the LGN and the projection of the residual input onto the remaining basis vectors is implemented using feedforw ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative
... the MTL — for example, the prefrontal cortex, given its role in categorization42 — may be involved in this process. Sparse coding. The responses of MTL neurons are typically very selective, in the sense that these neurons fire to very few of the stimuli presented to the subject (FIG. 2). In contrast ...
... the MTL — for example, the prefrontal cortex, given its role in categorization42 — may be involved in this process. Sparse coding. The responses of MTL neurons are typically very selective, in the sense that these neurons fire to very few of the stimuli presented to the subject (FIG. 2). In contrast ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... Embryonic stages are described in Stent et al. (1982). Adult and juvenile Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in se ...
... Embryonic stages are described in Stent et al. (1982). Adult and juvenile Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in se ...
BRAINSTEM
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
Systems memory consolidation in Drosophila
... to be acquired, encoded, stored, maintained and retrieved. As time passes after training, memories become less easily retrieved, but also become progressively more stable in the face of experimental perturbations. This process is referred to as consolidation. But the term has been used to describe t ...
... to be acquired, encoded, stored, maintained and retrieved. As time passes after training, memories become less easily retrieved, but also become progressively more stable in the face of experimental perturbations. This process is referred to as consolidation. But the term has been used to describe t ...
The neuronal structure of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the
... observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total number of GLN neurons). The investigations concerning the morphology of the neurons in the human and monkey GLN, carried out on the basis of Golgi impregnated preparations, showed the domination of multipo ...
... observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total number of GLN neurons). The investigations concerning the morphology of the neurons in the human and monkey GLN, carried out on the basis of Golgi impregnated preparations, showed the domination of multipo ...
Acoustic-Motor Reflexes - Neurobiology of Hearing
... alerts about unexpected events. It prepares the individual for fight Although surprising, it may elicit an intimidatory stance towards attack by a predator ...
... alerts about unexpected events. It prepares the individual for fight Although surprising, it may elicit an intimidatory stance towards attack by a predator ...
BRAINSTEM Comprised of 4 components: • Grey matter = cranial
... Comprised of 4 components: Grey matter = cranial nerves and nuclei (one nerve can have many nuclei) Suprasegmental nuclei – motor/sensory functions or relays to cerebellum White matter = fiber tracts Reticular formation – interneurons integration 4 major levels of the brainstem: Caudal m ...
... Comprised of 4 components: Grey matter = cranial nerves and nuclei (one nerve can have many nuclei) Suprasegmental nuclei – motor/sensory functions or relays to cerebellum White matter = fiber tracts Reticular formation – interneurons integration 4 major levels of the brainstem: Caudal m ...
Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic
... viral transneuronal analyses of premotor circuits that modulate the activity of diaphragm and R A motoneurons (Billig et al., 1999; Yates et al., 1999). Animals were initially anesthetized using a mixture of ketamine (25 mg / kg) and xylazine (2.5 mg / kg) injected intramuscularly; anesthesia was su ...
... viral transneuronal analyses of premotor circuits that modulate the activity of diaphragm and R A motoneurons (Billig et al., 1999; Yates et al., 1999). Animals were initially anesthetized using a mixture of ketamine (25 mg / kg) and xylazine (2.5 mg / kg) injected intramuscularly; anesthesia was su ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
On the Role of Biophysical Properties of Cortical Neurons in Binding
... desynchronization can be modulated to achieve context-dependent binding and segmentation of input stimuli. Second, we show that the strength of modulatory input, acting on the leakage current, can be used to bias the interactions of multiple cortical modules. This facilitates the exible use of diff ...
... desynchronization can be modulated to achieve context-dependent binding and segmentation of input stimuli. Second, we show that the strength of modulatory input, acting on the leakage current, can be used to bias the interactions of multiple cortical modules. This facilitates the exible use of diff ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... dopaminergic nuclei, and medial forebrain bundle, all of which produce robust increases in striatal dopamine release (82, 91, 154, 199). Striatal dopamine antagonism also attenuates the rewarding effect of striatal stimulation, indicating that striatal dopamine release may be necessary for the rewar ...
... dopaminergic nuclei, and medial forebrain bundle, all of which produce robust increases in striatal dopamine release (82, 91, 154, 199). Striatal dopamine antagonism also attenuates the rewarding effect of striatal stimulation, indicating that striatal dopamine release may be necessary for the rewar ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... his illness by saying, “At the moment, I feel just fine.” Alzheimer disease is a progressive dementia that debilitates the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and usually affects people in their 60s or over. This neurodegenerative disease causes progressive decline in memory, judgment, a ...
... his illness by saying, “At the moment, I feel just fine.” Alzheimer disease is a progressive dementia that debilitates the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and usually affects people in their 60s or over. This neurodegenerative disease causes progressive decline in memory, judgment, a ...
Wasp uses venom cocktail to manipulate the behavior F. Libersat
... stung only once in the prothorax exhibit a flaccid paralysis of the front legs from which they recover within a few minutes (Fouad et al. 1994). Because this first sting prevents the cockroach from using its forelegs to fight off the wasp, it presumably facilitates the subsequent sting into the head ...
... stung only once in the prothorax exhibit a flaccid paralysis of the front legs from which they recover within a few minutes (Fouad et al. 1994). Because this first sting prevents the cockroach from using its forelegs to fight off the wasp, it presumably facilitates the subsequent sting into the head ...
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... whether signals from the preoptic area and other hypothalamic nuclei are synaptically relayed at this level. It is well established that sympathetic nerves innervate the BAT. Recently, Morrison and co-workers (1999) reported that the injection of bicuculline into the raphe pallidus caused a large, r ...
... whether signals from the preoptic area and other hypothalamic nuclei are synaptically relayed at this level. It is well established that sympathetic nerves innervate the BAT. Recently, Morrison and co-workers (1999) reported that the injection of bicuculline into the raphe pallidus caused a large, r ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... types of calcium channels are present in the baroreceptor and other sensory neuron soma. A small component of the total calcium current is contributed by a low threshold T-type channel Caj (Andresen and Kunze, 1994). High threshold calcium current is present in unidentified sensory soma (Andresen an ...
... types of calcium channels are present in the baroreceptor and other sensory neuron soma. A small component of the total calcium current is contributed by a low threshold T-type channel Caj (Andresen and Kunze, 1994). High threshold calcium current is present in unidentified sensory soma (Andresen an ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.