firing pattern modulation by oscillatory input in
... resistance of 80^120 M6. Electrodes were ¢lled with 2 M potassium acetate with 1.5^2% (w/v) biocytin for subsequent histological identi¢cation of recorded cells. Recordings were made at 34^36‡C. Electrophysiology All recordings were obtained from the supragranular layers of ferret visual cortex. Onc ...
... resistance of 80^120 M6. Electrodes were ¢lled with 2 M potassium acetate with 1.5^2% (w/v) biocytin for subsequent histological identi¢cation of recorded cells. Recordings were made at 34^36‡C. Electrophysiology All recordings were obtained from the supragranular layers of ferret visual cortex. Onc ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... neurons, or those with rare action potentials (n ⫽ 5; Fig. 5B, extracellular recording; Fig. 5C, intracellular recording), which further supported this hypothesis. The depolarizing effect of bicuculline, which was present in most SCN neurons, was responsible for the shift in the peak of the ISI dist ...
... neurons, or those with rare action potentials (n ⫽ 5; Fig. 5B, extracellular recording; Fig. 5C, intracellular recording), which further supported this hypothesis. The depolarizing effect of bicuculline, which was present in most SCN neurons, was responsible for the shift in the peak of the ISI dist ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... Plate 29 shows the relationship of troph-hormone producing cells to fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but ...
... Plate 29 shows the relationship of troph-hormone producing cells to fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but ...
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
... unexpected finding that the model develops internal premotor representations that share many aspects of so-called mirror neurons. A. Mirror Neurons Mirror neurons are a class of pre-motor neurons originally found in macaque area F5 [14]. Their defining characteristic is that these neurons become act ...
... unexpected finding that the model develops internal premotor representations that share many aspects of so-called mirror neurons. A. Mirror Neurons Mirror neurons are a class of pre-motor neurons originally found in macaque area F5 [14]. Their defining characteristic is that these neurons become act ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates divergent polysynaptic reflex pathways. One excites motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles of the stimulated limb, whereas another inhibits motor neurons that innervate the limb’s extensor muscles (Figure 35–2A). Excitation o ...
... complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates divergent polysynaptic reflex pathways. One excites motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles of the stimulated limb, whereas another inhibits motor neurons that innervate the limb’s extensor muscles (Figure 35–2A). Excitation o ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... discharge ~30–50 ms before forepaw contact. Most of these discharged more strongly before touch than during movements without contact. Moreover, the timing of these pretouch neural response peaks corresponded to timing of sensory gating in neurons in SI cortex9–12. These neurons also exhibited ‘moto ...
... discharge ~30–50 ms before forepaw contact. Most of these discharged more strongly before touch than during movements without contact. Moreover, the timing of these pretouch neural response peaks corresponded to timing of sensory gating in neurons in SI cortex9–12. These neurons also exhibited ‘moto ...
Cellular and network mechanisms of electrographic
... hyperpolarization-activated depolarizing current (Ih) [29] and the persistent sodium current (INa(p)) [30]. Thus, the overall effect of an increase in [K+]o is an upregulation of neuronal excitability. Indeed, periodic bursting was found in vitro after increasing [K+]o [31–33]. Thus, changes in [K+] ...
... hyperpolarization-activated depolarizing current (Ih) [29] and the persistent sodium current (INa(p)) [30]. Thus, the overall effect of an increase in [K+]o is an upregulation of neuronal excitability. Indeed, periodic bursting was found in vitro after increasing [K+]o [31–33]. Thus, changes in [K+] ...
Energy balance
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
Barnes TD, Kubota Y, Hu D, Jin DZ, Graybiel AM. Activity of striatal
... during acquisition held not only for those occurring in the early and late parts of the task runs in which overall spiking increased, but also for responses occurring in the middle parts of the runs in which spike activity decreased (Supplementary Fig. 6). This result indicates that even when fewer ...
... during acquisition held not only for those occurring in the early and late parts of the task runs in which overall spiking increased, but also for responses occurring in the middle parts of the runs in which spike activity decreased (Supplementary Fig. 6). This result indicates that even when fewer ...
Chapter 14 - apsubiology.org
... elevates blood glucose levels for use by nervous tissue shifts cellular metabolism to fats for other tissues stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
... elevates blood glucose levels for use by nervous tissue shifts cellular metabolism to fats for other tissues stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... µm ± 5.844, n = 19). Somatic spines were seen for some neurons of this type. Four to seven primary dendrites emerged from the cell body of these neurons. These dendrites showed moderate arborizations.. Appendages were detectable all along the dendritic processes of this neuronal type although they b ...
... µm ± 5.844, n = 19). Somatic spines were seen for some neurons of this type. Four to seven primary dendrites emerged from the cell body of these neurons. These dendrites showed moderate arborizations.. Appendages were detectable all along the dendritic processes of this neuronal type although they b ...
Chapter 15
... most sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles ...
... most sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles ...
Simulations of neuromuscular control in lamprey swimming
... Most neuromechanical simulation studies of the lamprey have been done using a mechanical model where the body is represented as a chain of links (Ekeberg 1993; Bowtell & Williams 1991). Since the real lamprey does not have discrete vertebra, these links should only be viewed as an arti¢cial subdivis ...
... Most neuromechanical simulation studies of the lamprey have been done using a mechanical model where the body is represented as a chain of links (Ekeberg 1993; Bowtell & Williams 1991). Since the real lamprey does not have discrete vertebra, these links should only be viewed as an arti¢cial subdivis ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... (Lübke et al., 2000). Slices were incubated in Figure 1. Paired whole-cell recordings of L4 spiny neurons and L2/3 interneurons. A, Bright-field image of the slice in the 0.1% Triton X-100 solution containing avidin- recording chamber after the experiment. B, DIC images at high magnification of the ...
... (Lübke et al., 2000). Slices were incubated in Figure 1. Paired whole-cell recordings of L4 spiny neurons and L2/3 interneurons. A, Bright-field image of the slice in the 0.1% Triton X-100 solution containing avidin- recording chamber after the experiment. B, DIC images at high magnification of the ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... 2. Pear-shaped neurons (Fig. 3). Their cell bodies measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcat ...
... 2. Pear-shaped neurons (Fig. 3). Their cell bodies measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcat ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Each inhibitory neuron receives input from a related excitatory neuron. Inhibitory neurons in one area divergently project to excitatory neurons within the same area. Excitatory neurons in area A project to excitatory neurons in area B in a convergent way leadin ...
... of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Each inhibitory neuron receives input from a related excitatory neuron. Inhibitory neurons in one area divergently project to excitatory neurons within the same area. Excitatory neurons in area A project to excitatory neurons in area B in a convergent way leadin ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... microelectrode still within the muscle fiber. We then replaced the standard crayfish saline solution with 31.5ml of 100µM aminocaproic acid solution. In order to compare the effects of the chemicals, we needed to control the variability between the EPSPs of different cells. We did this by measuring ...
... microelectrode still within the muscle fiber. We then replaced the standard crayfish saline solution with 31.5ml of 100µM aminocaproic acid solution. In order to compare the effects of the chemicals, we needed to control the variability between the EPSPs of different cells. We did this by measuring ...
A Computer Simulation of Olfactory Cortex with Functional
... Synaptic Properties and Modification Rules. In the model, each synaptic connection has an associated weight which determines the peak amplitude of the conductance change induced in the postsynaptic cell following presynaptic activity [2.0]. To study learning in the model, synaptic weights associated ...
... Synaptic Properties and Modification Rules. In the model, each synaptic connection has an associated weight which determines the peak amplitude of the conductance change induced in the postsynaptic cell following presynaptic activity [2.0]. To study learning in the model, synaptic weights associated ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... were determined in 17 of the DCN neurons and in 12 of these neurons, a sag in the voltage responses to current steps was revealed at membrane potentials of more than ⫺80 mV (see Fig. 2). This sag (measured as the difference between the instantaneous and steady-state voltage values) had a mean amplit ...
... were determined in 17 of the DCN neurons and in 12 of these neurons, a sag in the voltage responses to current steps was revealed at membrane potentials of more than ⫺80 mV (see Fig. 2). This sag (measured as the difference between the instantaneous and steady-state voltage values) had a mean amplit ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... Historical observation: Patients with influenza during 1918 pandemic exhibited insomnia and at autopsy had damages to pre-optic (PO) nucleus. Lesions of PO/BF in cats cause long-lasting insomnia. PO/BF contains a large number of neurons that utilize GABA and have a sleep-on and wake-off firing patte ...
... Historical observation: Patients with influenza during 1918 pandemic exhibited insomnia and at autopsy had damages to pre-optic (PO) nucleus. Lesions of PO/BF in cats cause long-lasting insomnia. PO/BF contains a large number of neurons that utilize GABA and have a sleep-on and wake-off firing patte ...
Big Myth or Major Miss? - Perceptual Science Laboratory
... Furthermore, a MNS provides a neurophysiological underpinning for several claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstra ...
... Furthermore, a MNS provides a neurophysiological underpinning for several claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstra ...
Протокол
... Symptoms produced by lesions of the anterolateral system vary according to the level of the neuraxis involved. Lesions outside the nervous system frequently stimulate adjacent free nerve endings, thereby producing the subjective sensation of pain. This symptom is most important in calling attention ...
... Symptoms produced by lesions of the anterolateral system vary according to the level of the neuraxis involved. Lesions outside the nervous system frequently stimulate adjacent free nerve endings, thereby producing the subjective sensation of pain. This symptom is most important in calling attention ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.