Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... innervating a proprioceptor that monitors movements of the endopodite and protopodite of the tailfan. This PAD occurs only during high-velocity movements of the exopodite, which are similar to those that occur during swimming. The effects that the proprioceptor mediate are widespread, so that affere ...
... innervating a proprioceptor that monitors movements of the endopodite and protopodite of the tailfan. This PAD occurs only during high-velocity movements of the exopodite, which are similar to those that occur during swimming. The effects that the proprioceptor mediate are widespread, so that affere ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... second- or a third-order neuron consisted of a steady (DC) potential, V0, (horizontal lines in records in Fig. 2) and a modulation response, V(f), which were related to I0 and l(f), respectively. The magnitude of V(f) was defined as V~,~ - Vbott~, where Vma is the potential at the peak and V~to~ is ...
... second- or a third-order neuron consisted of a steady (DC) potential, V0, (horizontal lines in records in Fig. 2) and a modulation response, V(f), which were related to I0 and l(f), respectively. The magnitude of V(f) was defined as V~,~ - Vbott~, where Vma is the potential at the peak and V~to~ is ...
Theory of Mind: A Neural Prediction Problem
... dominated by error neurons (Friston, 2009; Wacongne et al., 2012; Egner et al., 2010; Keller et al., 2012; Meyer and Sauerland, 2009). The result is that the classic signature of predictive coding, reduced activity to predictable stimuli, is typically observed when averaging across large samples of ...
... dominated by error neurons (Friston, 2009; Wacongne et al., 2012; Egner et al., 2010; Keller et al., 2012; Meyer and Sauerland, 2009). The result is that the classic signature of predictive coding, reduced activity to predictable stimuli, is typically observed when averaging across large samples of ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... major motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, due to an inability to select properly one motor program. However, this hypothesis does not take into account the time dimension underlying motor control (Roux et al., 2003) in spite of the possible contribution of dopamine in timing synaptic events throug ...
... major motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, due to an inability to select properly one motor program. However, this hypothesis does not take into account the time dimension underlying motor control (Roux et al., 2003) in spite of the possible contribution of dopamine in timing synaptic events throug ...
Experiment HN-6: Hoffman Reflex using the Soleus Muscle
... ankle are significantly depressed. We know that with alterations to the ankle joint in experimental models like a joint effusion where a known amount of saline is injected into the joint capsule that certain muscles that cross the joint react differently in how many motor neurons are available throu ...
... ankle are significantly depressed. We know that with alterations to the ankle joint in experimental models like a joint effusion where a known amount of saline is injected into the joint capsule that certain muscles that cross the joint react differently in how many motor neurons are available throu ...
Reflex Activity/Lab
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory
... the postsynaptic responses were then measured in the other three neurons to probe synapses formed among them. As shown in Fig. 3d, e, when action potentials were triggered in EGFP-expressing neuron 1, glutamate-receptor-mediated EPSCs were recorded only in its sister neuron 3 (Fig. 3d, e). Despite t ...
... the postsynaptic responses were then measured in the other three neurons to probe synapses formed among them. As shown in Fig. 3d, e, when action potentials were triggered in EGFP-expressing neuron 1, glutamate-receptor-mediated EPSCs were recorded only in its sister neuron 3 (Fig. 3d, e). Despite t ...
Transient information flow in a network of excitatory and inhibitory
... prediction of chaotic time series [32]. The idea of performing (simple) computations based on perturbation of a real liquid (water) was investigated in [21]. Cortical micro-circuits are extremely complex recurrent networks of neurons. A given neuron is functionally connected to only a relatively sma ...
... prediction of chaotic time series [32]. The idea of performing (simple) computations based on perturbation of a real liquid (water) was investigated in [21]. Cortical micro-circuits are extremely complex recurrent networks of neurons. A given neuron is functionally connected to only a relatively sma ...
PDF
... population of neurons. How does the mechanism of synaptic semblance (Figure 1A) lead to the concurrent firing of specific neurons during memory retrieval? This may be explained as follows. Oscillating neuronal activities take place both in the hippocampus and in the cortex. Different memory tasks are ...
... population of neurons. How does the mechanism of synaptic semblance (Figure 1A) lead to the concurrent firing of specific neurons during memory retrieval? This may be explained as follows. Oscillating neuronal activities take place both in the hippocampus and in the cortex. Different memory tasks are ...
a14b NeuroPhysII
... • Specialized for the release and reception of neurotransmitters • Typically composed of two parts o Axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, which contains synaptic vesicles o Receptor region on the postsynaptic neuron ...
... • Specialized for the release and reception of neurotransmitters • Typically composed of two parts o Axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, which contains synaptic vesicles o Receptor region on the postsynaptic neuron ...
Sensory responses and movement-related activities in extrinsic
... opened window was then covered with wax. About 30%, 40% and 30% of the units reported in this study were using wires of 14, 17 and 20 lm in diameter, respectively. For mechanical support, recording electrodes were formed into bundles around a coated copper wire with a diameter of 60 lm that was inse ...
... opened window was then covered with wax. About 30%, 40% and 30% of the units reported in this study were using wires of 14, 17 and 20 lm in diameter, respectively. For mechanical support, recording electrodes were formed into bundles around a coated copper wire with a diameter of 60 lm that was inse ...
L - Oxford Academic
... extensor muscles of the crayfish relax in a are found in other crab leg muscles. Con- few seconds (Parnas and Atwood, 1966). tractions of a spiking fiber and of a There is apparently a wide spectrum of gradedly-responding fiber from the stretch- contractural responses in crustacean fibers. er muscle ...
... extensor muscles of the crayfish relax in a are found in other crab leg muscles. Con- few seconds (Parnas and Atwood, 1966). tractions of a spiking fiber and of a There is apparently a wide spectrum of gradedly-responding fiber from the stretch- contractural responses in crustacean fibers. er muscle ...
Sleep-wake cycles: EEG
... hybridization aimed at identifying mRNA’s species that are expressed only in discrete nuclei within the hypothalamus – New hypothalamic mRNA (hypocretin 1 and 2) found by in-situ hybridization to occur in the lateral hypothalamus • Sakurai et al. (1998) transfected cell lines that stably express eac ...
... hybridization aimed at identifying mRNA’s species that are expressed only in discrete nuclei within the hypothalamus – New hypothalamic mRNA (hypocretin 1 and 2) found by in-situ hybridization to occur in the lateral hypothalamus • Sakurai et al. (1998) transfected cell lines that stably express eac ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... follow the introduction to neurophysiology; this was done to build student motivation before tackling sensation and perception. Perhaps more significantly, some topics have been moved around among chapters so they can be developed in a more behaviorally meaningful context. So language is discussed a ...
... follow the introduction to neurophysiology; this was done to build student motivation before tackling sensation and perception. Perhaps more significantly, some topics have been moved around among chapters so they can be developed in a more behaviorally meaningful context. So language is discussed a ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons analyzed had receptive fields that covered most of the c ...
... awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons analyzed had receptive fields that covered most of the c ...
MotorIntroV2
... • Organized around purposeful acts • Flexible input-output relationships – Limitless – Price to pay: whole brain ...
... • Organized around purposeful acts • Flexible input-output relationships – Limitless – Price to pay: whole brain ...
PDF file
... belong to the category of symbolic motivated agents since the modules within such systems have handcrafted meanings. Sutton and Barto (1981) modeled rewards as positive values that the system learns to predict. Ogmen’s work (Ogmen, 1997) was based on adaptive resonance theory (ART), which took into ...
... belong to the category of symbolic motivated agents since the modules within such systems have handcrafted meanings. Sutton and Barto (1981) modeled rewards as positive values that the system learns to predict. Ogmen’s work (Ogmen, 1997) was based on adaptive resonance theory (ART), which took into ...
Biology Nervous System - Educational Research Center
... − the nervous system consists of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system. − the peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia and the nerves connecting them. − the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. − the brain consists of cerebrum, ce ...
... − the nervous system consists of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system. − the peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia and the nerves connecting them. − the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. − the brain consists of cerebrum, ce ...
Lentivirus-based genetic manipulations of cortical neurons and their
... onset of the genetic manipulation and the cell type that is affected (1–3). However, even the most specific genetic designs affect entire populations of neurons, typically in multiple brain regions. The current transgenic兾knockout technologies thus do not allow targeting of small neuronal networks o ...
... onset of the genetic manipulation and the cell type that is affected (1–3). However, even the most specific genetic designs affect entire populations of neurons, typically in multiple brain regions. The current transgenic兾knockout technologies thus do not allow targeting of small neuronal networks o ...
Sequencing the connectome. - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
... Like any method, the sequencing approach is subject to false positives (i.e. inferred connections that do not exist) and false negatives (actual connections that are missed). Although the prevalence of each type of error will depend on the details of the implementation, with the sequencing approach ...
... Like any method, the sequencing approach is subject to false positives (i.e. inferred connections that do not exist) and false negatives (actual connections that are missed). Although the prevalence of each type of error will depend on the details of the implementation, with the sequencing approach ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... to a given area, which either comes from thalamus or from ‘lower’ cortical areas, comes dominantly into layer 4 (L4); L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other th ...
... to a given area, which either comes from thalamus or from ‘lower’ cortical areas, comes dominantly into layer 4 (L4); L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other th ...
Drugs and the Synapse
... chemicals at junctions called “synapses” • In 1906, Charles Scott Sherrington coined the term synapse to describe the specialized gap that existed between neurons. • Sherrington conducted his research investigating how neurons communicate with each other by studying reflexes (automatic muscular resp ...
... chemicals at junctions called “synapses” • In 1906, Charles Scott Sherrington coined the term synapse to describe the specialized gap that existed between neurons. • Sherrington conducted his research investigating how neurons communicate with each other by studying reflexes (automatic muscular resp ...
Somatosensory system
... also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard obj ...
... also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard obj ...
PDF - Molecules and Cells
... eggs and mate multiple times (Peng et al., 2005a). SP is also associated with other behavioral and physiological changes, such as feeding, sleep and immune responses (Carvalho et al., 2006; Domanitskaya et al., 2007; Isaac et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2005b; Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010; Walker et al., 2 ...
... eggs and mate multiple times (Peng et al., 2005a). SP is also associated with other behavioral and physiological changes, such as feeding, sleep and immune responses (Carvalho et al., 2006; Domanitskaya et al., 2007; Isaac et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2005b; Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010; Walker et al., 2 ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.