The Preoptic Nucleus in Fishes: A Comparative Discussion of
... that required intraperitoneally, it seems likely that those fish that responded following a brain injection did so as a result of some peripheral action of the hormone. This situation is not likely a problem of specificity of the hormone used because large doses of AVT are also required when injecte ...
... that required intraperitoneally, it seems likely that those fish that responded following a brain injection did so as a result of some peripheral action of the hormone. This situation is not likely a problem of specificity of the hormone used because large doses of AVT are also required when injecte ...
Animal responses to the environment
... fibres. Nerve fibres are bundled together with some connective tissue. Nerve fibres and connective tissue make up nerve tissue. ...
... fibres. Nerve fibres are bundled together with some connective tissue. Nerve fibres and connective tissue make up nerve tissue. ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... 1. Introduction: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises of dopaminergic (DA) and non-dopaminergic (nonDA) neurons. The abundant non-dopaminergic neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid releasing or putative GABAergic neurons. The VTA plays a significant role in reward, addiction, psychiatric disord ...
... 1. Introduction: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises of dopaminergic (DA) and non-dopaminergic (nonDA) neurons. The abundant non-dopaminergic neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid releasing or putative GABAergic neurons. The VTA plays a significant role in reward, addiction, psychiatric disord ...
Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
... Our results indicate that the performance increases with rising number of signal channels especially under conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichann ...
... Our results indicate that the performance increases with rising number of signal channels especially under conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichann ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... holes were drilled in the skull overlying the head of the caudate-putamen on each side. The areas in and around the wound were thoroughly infiltrated with lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine, with epinephrine) by subcutaneous injections around the wound and by topical administration to all cut edges. ...
... holes were drilled in the skull overlying the head of the caudate-putamen on each side. The areas in and around the wound were thoroughly infiltrated with lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine, with epinephrine) by subcutaneous injections around the wound and by topical administration to all cut edges. ...
Marginal chimera state at cross-frequency locking of pulse
... performed simulations with different ensemble sizes (from 50 to 500) and different integration times (up to 1.67×109 ), and in all cases observed the marginal chimera state. Two examples for N = 200 and N = 500 are presented in Figs. 4(b) and 4(a). Moreover, the same regime is observed if the sizes ...
... performed simulations with different ensemble sizes (from 50 to 500) and different integration times (up to 1.67×109 ), and in all cases observed the marginal chimera state. Two examples for N = 200 and N = 500 are presented in Figs. 4(b) and 4(a). Moreover, the same regime is observed if the sizes ...
Nervous Regulation
... Are specialized structures that are sensitive to changes in the external and internal environment ...
... Are specialized structures that are sensitive to changes in the external and internal environment ...
Feeding in an Artificial Insect
... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
... also proven to be essential for explaining the behavior of simpler animals as well. Unfortunately, the explanatory utility of these internal factors is limited by the fact that they are hypothetical constructs, inferred by the theorist to intervene between stimulus and action in order to account for ...
Synapse Jeopardy
... • If the team fails to answer correctly, the other team gets one opportunity to answer. If neither team guesses correctly, those points are not awarded. • The team with the correct answer wins the number of points on the chart. Play continues until time runs out or all items on the board have been s ...
... • If the team fails to answer correctly, the other team gets one opportunity to answer. If neither team guesses correctly, those points are not awarded. • The team with the correct answer wins the number of points on the chart. Play continues until time runs out or all items on the board have been s ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons of glutamatergic neurons (Baude et al. 1993). While there are a few reports of ...
... characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons of glutamatergic neurons (Baude et al. 1993). While there are a few reports of ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... excitatory (DE) motoneurons and one type of ventral inhibitory (VI) motoneuron. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the axons of the DE motoneurons make monosynaptic contacts with the dorsal processes of VI motoneurons. In this paper, we describe a physiological preparation with which to inve ...
... excitatory (DE) motoneurons and one type of ventral inhibitory (VI) motoneuron. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the axons of the DE motoneurons make monosynaptic contacts with the dorsal processes of VI motoneurons. In this paper, we describe a physiological preparation with which to inve ...
NeuralNets
... Length and propagation speeds of axons different all pulses arrive at target cell simultaneously High aggregate action potential at target cell reaches ...
... Length and propagation speeds of axons different all pulses arrive at target cell simultaneously High aggregate action potential at target cell reaches ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... Place the pink impulse card on the neuron and move it along the axon to the terminal branches. When the impulse reaches the terminal branches, the receiving neuron becomes a sending neuron that releases its neurotransmitters to send messages to other neurons. 13. Which part of a neuron receives ...
... Place the pink impulse card on the neuron and move it along the axon to the terminal branches. When the impulse reaches the terminal branches, the receiving neuron becomes a sending neuron that releases its neurotransmitters to send messages to other neurons. 13. Which part of a neuron receives ...
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... (LTP). In pavlovian fear conditionto the presence (type A, medial neurons) or absence ing, a neutral stimulus, which has little behavioral (type B, lateral neurons) of a slow after hyperpolarizeffect by itself, is consistently paired with a strong ing potential following repetitive firing!K. aversiv ...
... (LTP). In pavlovian fear conditionto the presence (type A, medial neurons) or absence ing, a neutral stimulus, which has little behavioral (type B, lateral neurons) of a slow after hyperpolarizeffect by itself, is consistently paired with a strong ing potential following repetitive firing!K. aversiv ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... Place the pink impulse card on the neuron and move it along the axon to the terminal branches. When the impulse reaches the terminal branches, the receiving neuron becomes a sending neuron that releases its neurotransmitters to send messages to other neurons. 13. Which part of a neuron receives ...
... Place the pink impulse card on the neuron and move it along the axon to the terminal branches. When the impulse reaches the terminal branches, the receiving neuron becomes a sending neuron that releases its neurotransmitters to send messages to other neurons. 13. Which part of a neuron receives ...
07. Pons Internal Features 0102010-10-01 05:141.9
... • Chief or Principal nucleus: • Located at the rostral end of the spinal trigeminal nucleus • Receives fibers for touch, especially discriminative touch. ...
... • Chief or Principal nucleus: • Located at the rostral end of the spinal trigeminal nucleus • Receives fibers for touch, especially discriminative touch. ...
Crossmodal and action-specific: neuroimaging the human mirror
... the context of different actions (e.g., grasping to eat or placing an object), suggesting a mechanism by which the final goal of a series of actions could be understood [2,3]. Fourth, the class of mirror neurons is heterogeneous with respect to tuning properties of individual neurons on various dime ...
... the context of different actions (e.g., grasping to eat or placing an object), suggesting a mechanism by which the final goal of a series of actions could be understood [2,3]. Fourth, the class of mirror neurons is heterogeneous with respect to tuning properties of individual neurons on various dime ...
The evolution of nervous system centralization
... (Denes et al. 2007), the pan-neural marker elav is not downregulated by exogenously applied BMP4. How can we reconcile these findings? The available data are consistent with a refined evolutionary scenario, which assumes that in early bilaterians the antineurogenic effect of Bmp signalling was only ...
... (Denes et al. 2007), the pan-neural marker elav is not downregulated by exogenously applied BMP4. How can we reconcile these findings? The available data are consistent with a refined evolutionary scenario, which assumes that in early bilaterians the antineurogenic effect of Bmp signalling was only ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... evoked an EPSP that was either above or just below threshold for generating an action potential. If it was subthreshold, the intensity of the stimuli was adjusted according to whether any action potential was induced by the second stimulus. Because the EPSP after the second stimulus was superimposed ...
... evoked an EPSP that was either above or just below threshold for generating an action potential. If it was subthreshold, the intensity of the stimuli was adjusted according to whether any action potential was induced by the second stimulus. Because the EPSP after the second stimulus was superimposed ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... Neurons in the motor cortex are sensitive to forces that are involved in making a reaching movement Slide 5. Cells in PMv as a population appear to encode a movement in terms of a displacement vector with respect to the hand. Such cells are rare in the primary motor cortex (M1). In M1, most cells ch ...
... Neurons in the motor cortex are sensitive to forces that are involved in making a reaching movement Slide 5. Cells in PMv as a population appear to encode a movement in terms of a displacement vector with respect to the hand. Such cells are rare in the primary motor cortex (M1). In M1, most cells ch ...
Neurons of the Central Complex of the Locust Schistocerca gregaria
... confined to specific layers within the lower division of the central body. Twelve of the thirteen stained neurons had ramifications in the second upper layer (layer 2) of the lower division of the central body (Figs. 1,2) and only one neuron had arborizations in the lower layers 4/5 (data not shown) ...
... confined to specific layers within the lower division of the central body. Twelve of the thirteen stained neurons had ramifications in the second upper layer (layer 2) of the lower division of the central body (Figs. 1,2) and only one neuron had arborizations in the lower layers 4/5 (data not shown) ...
Dynamic Stochastic Synapses as Computational Units
... Single excitatory synapses in the mammalian cortex exhibit binary responses. At each release site, either zero or one neurotransmitter-filled vesicles is released in response to a spike from the presynaptic neuron. When a vesicle is released, its contents cross the synaptic cleft and open ion channe ...
... Single excitatory synapses in the mammalian cortex exhibit binary responses. At each release site, either zero or one neurotransmitter-filled vesicles is released in response to a spike from the presynaptic neuron. When a vesicle is released, its contents cross the synaptic cleft and open ion channe ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... receptor-mediated IPSC (n ⫽ 24) (Fig. 3A), although electrical stimulation clearly evokes a frequency-dependent slow GABAB IPSC in VTA neurons (n ⫽ 5) (Fig. 3B). Although these data imply that the NAc input is exclusively mediated by GABAA receptors, one possible explanation for the lack of an obser ...
... receptor-mediated IPSC (n ⫽ 24) (Fig. 3A), although electrical stimulation clearly evokes a frequency-dependent slow GABAB IPSC in VTA neurons (n ⫽ 5) (Fig. 3B). Although these data imply that the NAc input is exclusively mediated by GABAA receptors, one possible explanation for the lack of an obser ...
Emergence of Sense-Making Behavior by the Stimulus Avoidance
... Robot experiments using real cultured neuronal cells as controllers are a way to explore the idea of embodied cognition. Real cultured neuronal cells have innate plasticity, and a sensorimotor coupling is expected to develop a neural circuit. Previous studies have suggested that a dissociated neuron ...
... Robot experiments using real cultured neuronal cells as controllers are a way to explore the idea of embodied cognition. Real cultured neuronal cells have innate plasticity, and a sensorimotor coupling is expected to develop a neural circuit. Previous studies have suggested that a dissociated neuron ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... Methods: Two retrograde tracers, Dil and True Blue Chloride, were injected into the mystacial pad and the masseter muscle on the same side of deeply anesthetized rats to label the respective projecting sensory neurons. This double-labeling technique was used to assess the co-innervation of both stru ...
... Methods: Two retrograde tracers, Dil and True Blue Chloride, were injected into the mystacial pad and the masseter muscle on the same side of deeply anesthetized rats to label the respective projecting sensory neurons. This double-labeling technique was used to assess the co-innervation of both stru ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.