PDF - Molecules and Cells
... eggs and mate multiple times (Peng et al., 2005a). SP is also associated with other behavioral and physiological changes, such as feeding, sleep and immune responses (Carvalho et al., 2006; Domanitskaya et al., 2007; Isaac et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2005b; Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010; Walker et al., 2 ...
... eggs and mate multiple times (Peng et al., 2005a). SP is also associated with other behavioral and physiological changes, such as feeding, sleep and immune responses (Carvalho et al., 2006; Domanitskaya et al., 2007; Isaac et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2005b; Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010; Walker et al., 2 ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... particular region is influenced, to varying degrees depending on the region, by the activity of sympathetic vasomotor nerves, the level of circulating vasoactive hormones, and also by local factors, including metabolites and endothelial factors. Fundamentally, homeostasis depends upon the blood flow ...
... particular region is influenced, to varying degrees depending on the region, by the activity of sympathetic vasomotor nerves, the level of circulating vasoactive hormones, and also by local factors, including metabolites and endothelial factors. Fundamentally, homeostasis depends upon the blood flow ...
emg and ncs: a practical approach to
... superficial peroneal) • Less commonly lateral and medial antebrachial , lateral femoral cutaneous and saphenous ...
... superficial peroneal) • Less commonly lateral and medial antebrachial , lateral femoral cutaneous and saphenous ...
Cooperation and biased competition model can explain attentional
... focused attention task. In this experiment, a monkey, after being cued to attend one of two hemi®elds, had to watch a series of bilateral stimuli that consisted of different pairs of objects, and to react with a saccade if and only if a prede®ned target object appeared in the cued hemi®eld. In order ...
... focused attention task. In this experiment, a monkey, after being cued to attend one of two hemi®elds, had to watch a series of bilateral stimuli that consisted of different pairs of objects, and to react with a saccade if and only if a prede®ned target object appeared in the cued hemi®eld. In order ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... Many of the VLI+ neurons had processes extending from the base to the apex of the ectoderm, indicating that they were sensory cells (Fig. 5e). The numbers of VLI+ neurons in the hypostome (Fig. 5~) and tentacles (Fig. 5b) were substantial and more than those found in the body column, though less tha ...
... Many of the VLI+ neurons had processes extending from the base to the apex of the ectoderm, indicating that they were sensory cells (Fig. 5e). The numbers of VLI+ neurons in the hypostome (Fig. 5~) and tentacles (Fig. 5b) were substantial and more than those found in the body column, though less tha ...
Assisted morphogenesis: glial control of dendrite
... documented [1]. This diversity is in no small part a result of each dendrite’s unique task: to gather information from specific synaptic partners or from the environment, and to transmit this information to the axon. In mammals, dendritic arbors can be highly branched, and individual dendrite branch ...
... documented [1]. This diversity is in no small part a result of each dendrite’s unique task: to gather information from specific synaptic partners or from the environment, and to transmit this information to the axon. In mammals, dendritic arbors can be highly branched, and individual dendrite branch ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... the control and functions of this remarkable plasticity may force major revision of existing dogma on normal brain function and may also suggest strategies for brain repair. Neurogenesis is particularly robust in adult birds because, unlike the case in mammals, new neurons are added to much of the t ...
... the control and functions of this remarkable plasticity may force major revision of existing dogma on normal brain function and may also suggest strategies for brain repair. Neurogenesis is particularly robust in adult birds because, unlike the case in mammals, new neurons are added to much of the t ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... observed (Freeman 1979a,b). The dynamics in the visual cortex have been accordingly nick-named 40-Hz oscillations but the phenomenon is actually much more complex. In the initial experiments on primary visual cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray and Singer 1989; Gray et al. 1990) a broad peak ...
... observed (Freeman 1979a,b). The dynamics in the visual cortex have been accordingly nick-named 40-Hz oscillations but the phenomenon is actually much more complex. In the initial experiments on primary visual cortex (area 17) of anesthetized cats (Gray and Singer 1989; Gray et al. 1990) a broad peak ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... A recent series of anatomic and functional studies showed that this picture of the agranular frontal cortex (henceforth referred to as the motor cortex) is too simplistic. First, Brodmann’s area 4 is functionally distinct from area 6. Thus the classic view of a large M1 that encompasses both area 4 ...
... A recent series of anatomic and functional studies showed that this picture of the agranular frontal cortex (henceforth referred to as the motor cortex) is too simplistic. First, Brodmann’s area 4 is functionally distinct from area 6. Thus the classic view of a large M1 that encompasses both area 4 ...
Interspike Intervals, Receptive Fields, and Information Encoding in
... Thomas, 1991), where pj indicates the estimated probabilities of occurrence of each word. Because we only have access to a limited amount of data, this estimate of the signal entropy is subject to a downward bias, the correction for which is estimated by (k ⫺ 1)/2 N ln(2), in bits, where k is the nu ...
... Thomas, 1991), where pj indicates the estimated probabilities of occurrence of each word. Because we only have access to a limited amount of data, this estimate of the signal entropy is subject to a downward bias, the correction for which is estimated by (k ⫺ 1)/2 N ln(2), in bits, where k is the nu ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... whiskers in the receptive field (RF) of cortical neurons, the excitatory “surround” whiskers, also increases cortical discharge rate, but at a longer latency and a lower magnitude than the principal whisker (Armstrong-James and Fox 1987). Using a two whisker stimulation paradigm Simons and colleague ...
... whiskers in the receptive field (RF) of cortical neurons, the excitatory “surround” whiskers, also increases cortical discharge rate, but at a longer latency and a lower magnitude than the principal whisker (Armstrong-James and Fox 1987). Using a two whisker stimulation paradigm Simons and colleague ...
A Gaussian Approach to Neural Nets with Multiple Memory Domains
... strengths of the synaptic coupling coefficients. The neurons are characterized by the absolute refractory period, the firing threshold and the synaptic delay . It is assumed here that the refractory period is greater than the synaptic delay, but less than twice the synaptic delay. A parameter r ...
... strengths of the synaptic coupling coefficients. The neurons are characterized by the absolute refractory period, the firing threshold and the synaptic delay . It is assumed here that the refractory period is greater than the synaptic delay, but less than twice the synaptic delay. A parameter r ...
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal
... neuronal types. The quanti®cation was corrected for double counting of adjacent sections and volume changes during CC development. Our data show that CC neurons are numerous early postnatally, and their number decreases with age. At birth, about 570 neurons are found within the CC boundaries and the ...
... neuronal types. The quanti®cation was corrected for double counting of adjacent sections and volume changes during CC development. Our data show that CC neurons are numerous early postnatally, and their number decreases with age. At birth, about 570 neurons are found within the CC boundaries and the ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... We performed anterograde neuronal tracing using subcutaneous injections of fluorescent Cholera toxin B (CTB). Focal injections in different wing sites labeled tens to hundreds of DRG neurons (Figure S1). Notably, labeling from individual injections was found in cervical, mid-thoracic, and lower-thor ...
... We performed anterograde neuronal tracing using subcutaneous injections of fluorescent Cholera toxin B (CTB). Focal injections in different wing sites labeled tens to hundreds of DRG neurons (Figure S1). Notably, labeling from individual injections was found in cervical, mid-thoracic, and lower-thor ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
chapt07_lecture
... a. Based on the number of processes that extend from the cell body. b. Pseudounipolar: single short process that branches like a T to form 2 longer processes; sensory neurons c. Bipolar neurons: have two processes, one on either end; found in retina of eye d. Multipolar neurons: several dendrites an ...
... a. Based on the number of processes that extend from the cell body. b. Pseudounipolar: single short process that branches like a T to form 2 longer processes; sensory neurons c. Bipolar neurons: have two processes, one on either end; found in retina of eye d. Multipolar neurons: several dendrites an ...
Pyramidal (Voluntary Motor) System
... Upper Motor Neuron: lesions of the pyramidal tract (corticospinal) results in spasticity, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, and positive Babinski sign Lower Motor Neuron: lesions of cell bodies of motor neurons (in cranial nerve motor nuclei or ventral horn of spinal cord) or their axons in nerves to the m ...
... Upper Motor Neuron: lesions of the pyramidal tract (corticospinal) results in spasticity, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, and positive Babinski sign Lower Motor Neuron: lesions of cell bodies of motor neurons (in cranial nerve motor nuclei or ventral horn of spinal cord) or their axons in nerves to the m ...
Spinal Sensorimotor System: An Overview
... animal’s environment, temperature regulation, and protection of the inner organs. In human beings the skin is further classified in terms of glabrous (non-hairy) skin (e.g. the palms of the hands, fingertips, bottom of the feet, etc.) and hairy skin (which makes up most of the skin mass in mammals). ...
... animal’s environment, temperature regulation, and protection of the inner organs. In human beings the skin is further classified in terms of glabrous (non-hairy) skin (e.g. the palms of the hands, fingertips, bottom of the feet, etc.) and hairy skin (which makes up most of the skin mass in mammals). ...
Spinal nerves, cervical, lumbar and sacral plexus
... Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves Four zones are evident within the gray matter – somatic sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM), and somatic motor (SM) ...
... Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves Four zones are evident within the gray matter – somatic sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM), and somatic motor (SM) ...
Memory formation: from network structure to neural dynamics
... complexity of the neuronal networks that comprise the brain. The cortex alone contains 1010 neurons and 1.5 × 1014 synapses, making it impossible to derive any detailed properties of its connectivity. It is not even clear that having a detailed knowledge of the connectivity would be sufficient to und ...
... complexity of the neuronal networks that comprise the brain. The cortex alone contains 1010 neurons and 1.5 × 1014 synapses, making it impossible to derive any detailed properties of its connectivity. It is not even clear that having a detailed knowledge of the connectivity would be sufficient to und ...
Untitled
... induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). We have found that there are activity-dependent, and bi-directional, changes in the intrinsic excitability of these neurons with LTP and LTD. The changes in ion channels occur in parallel to those at the synapse and affect bot ...
... induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). We have found that there are activity-dependent, and bi-directional, changes in the intrinsic excitability of these neurons with LTP and LTD. The changes in ion channels occur in parallel to those at the synapse and affect bot ...
Animal responses to the environment
... fibres. Nerve fibres are bundled together with some connective tissue. Nerve fibres and connective tissue make up nerve tissue. ...
... fibres. Nerve fibres are bundled together with some connective tissue. Nerve fibres and connective tissue make up nerve tissue. ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.