the superior Olivary complex
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... Our model examined modulation of orientation-tuned responses, caused by inputs from the visual surround, carried by long-range excitatory connections within the superficial layers of columnar cortex. Our model did not investigate the emergence of orientation tuning, which occurs from convergence of ...
... Our model examined modulation of orientation-tuned responses, caused by inputs from the visual surround, carried by long-range excitatory connections within the superficial layers of columnar cortex. Our model did not investigate the emergence of orientation tuning, which occurs from convergence of ...
The Area Postrema - Queen`s University
... of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) (van der Kooy and Koda 1983; Shapiro and Miselis 1985; see Fig. 3). Intriguingly information from the AP reaches the PVN through both monosynaptic and polysynaptic connections suggesting an integrative capacity wi ...
... of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) (van der Kooy and Koda 1983; Shapiro and Miselis 1985; see Fig. 3). Intriguingly information from the AP reaches the PVN through both monosynaptic and polysynaptic connections suggesting an integrative capacity wi ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... other neurons? and 2) is there differential vulnerability to CXI inhibition within the dopaminergic midbrain population, and is this correlated with the pattern of neurodegeneration? In this context, a new neurotoxicological PD model, developed by Bertabet et al. (4), is of high relevance. Chronic b ...
... other neurons? and 2) is there differential vulnerability to CXI inhibition within the dopaminergic midbrain population, and is this correlated with the pattern of neurodegeneration? In this context, a new neurotoxicological PD model, developed by Bertabet et al. (4), is of high relevance. Chronic b ...
35 | the nervous system
... to function without the vital roles that are fulfilled by these glial cells. Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin sheaths around axons. Scientists have recently discovered that they also play a role in re ...
... to function without the vital roles that are fulfilled by these glial cells. Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin sheaths around axons. Scientists have recently discovered that they also play a role in re ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... passive membrane properties of these ganglion neurons were examined and compared with each other. There were significant differences between the properties of neurons in the PG and GG ganglia. The mean membrane time constant, spike threshold, action potential halfwidth, and action potential decay ti ...
... passive membrane properties of these ganglion neurons were examined and compared with each other. There were significant differences between the properties of neurons in the PG and GG ganglia. The mean membrane time constant, spike threshold, action potential halfwidth, and action potential decay ti ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... firing rate from the mean discharge frequency during stimulation. An afterdischarge was considered to be present when the mean firing rate of the cell stayed ⱖ30% above baseline firing rate after stopping the stimulation. Afterdischarges were calculated for the first 5-s period after stopping the st ...
... firing rate from the mean discharge frequency during stimulation. An afterdischarge was considered to be present when the mean firing rate of the cell stayed ⱖ30% above baseline firing rate after stopping the stimulation. Afterdischarges were calculated for the first 5-s period after stopping the st ...
Synaptic function: Dendritic democracy
... The most intriguing — and perhaps the most efficient — possibility would be that synapses ‘self-regulate’ their strength depending on the effect they have on output at the soma. The necessary link between neuronal output and the synapse could be provided by backpropagation of the action potential in ...
... The most intriguing — and perhaps the most efficient — possibility would be that synapses ‘self-regulate’ their strength depending on the effect they have on output at the soma. The necessary link between neuronal output and the synapse could be provided by backpropagation of the action potential in ...
PDF
... level, information is encoded in the spiking of neurons and there is much debate about the level of precision that is important [1,2]. At the cellular level important processes have been hypothesized to be dependent on the timing of input and output such as spike-timing dependent plasticity ‘‘STDP’’ ...
... level, information is encoded in the spiking of neurons and there is much debate about the level of precision that is important [1,2]. At the cellular level important processes have been hypothesized to be dependent on the timing of input and output such as spike-timing dependent plasticity ‘‘STDP’’ ...
Dopamine
... postsynaptic target; moreover, once it is released, there are several mechanisms that can modulate its site of action. In general, the majority of evidence suggests that DA is released primarily in a spike-dependent manner, because inactivation of DA neuron firing virtually eliminates DA release wit ...
... postsynaptic target; moreover, once it is released, there are several mechanisms that can modulate its site of action. In general, the majority of evidence suggests that DA is released primarily in a spike-dependent manner, because inactivation of DA neuron firing virtually eliminates DA release wit ...
GANGLION
... Parasympathetic system distributes only to the head and neck, visceral cavities of the trunk, and the erectile tissues of the external genitalia (with the exception of the latter, it does not reach the body wall or limbs). ...
... Parasympathetic system distributes only to the head and neck, visceral cavities of the trunk, and the erectile tissues of the external genitalia (with the exception of the latter, it does not reach the body wall or limbs). ...
On the relevance of time in neural computation and learning
... These data (and many other recordings) also show that typical =ring rates of biological neurons are relatively low – typically well below 100 Hz. They are especially low in higher cortical areas of more advanced species. On the other hand complex multi-layer biological neural systems with at least 1 ...
... These data (and many other recordings) also show that typical =ring rates of biological neurons are relatively low – typically well below 100 Hz. They are especially low in higher cortical areas of more advanced species. On the other hand complex multi-layer biological neural systems with at least 1 ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
Human Reflexes Introductory Reading and
... smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Somatic reflexes involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic or voluntary division of the nervous system. Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the activity of interneurons (or association neurons) in the ...
... smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Somatic reflexes involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic or voluntary division of the nervous system. Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the activity of interneurons (or association neurons) in the ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is ...
... complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is ...
BI_231_Laboratory_Packagefall 2011
... You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are requ ...
... You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are requ ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) are located in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) (1, 9, 28, 29, 30); however, location of their premotor neurons is unclear ...
... the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) are located in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) (1, 9, 28, 29, 30); however, location of their premotor neurons is unclear ...
action potential
... spike rate vs intensity of stimulation what could the ‘stimulus’ be : a. inputs from other neurons via dendrites that are summed at axon hillock b. inputs from ‘sensory transduction” c. input from an artificial electrode (pictured) what is observed: a. stimulus too small subthreshold depolarizati ...
... spike rate vs intensity of stimulation what could the ‘stimulus’ be : a. inputs from other neurons via dendrites that are summed at axon hillock b. inputs from ‘sensory transduction” c. input from an artificial electrode (pictured) what is observed: a. stimulus too small subthreshold depolarizati ...
Evolution of Patterning Systems and Circuit Elements for Locomotion
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
Basal ganglia discharge abnormalities in Parkinson`s disease
... Tonic GABAergic output from neurons in GPi=SNr is thought to inhibit their projection targets in thalamus, thereby reducing cortical activation. Dopamine, released from terminals of the nigrostriatal projection, is thought to facilitate transmission along the direct pathway, and to reduce transmissi ...
... Tonic GABAergic output from neurons in GPi=SNr is thought to inhibit their projection targets in thalamus, thereby reducing cortical activation. Dopamine, released from terminals of the nigrostriatal projection, is thought to facilitate transmission along the direct pathway, and to reduce transmissi ...
“Epileptic Neurons” in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... 53). This holds true despite the fact that the intrinsic discharge behavior of hippocampal neurons has been thought important in synchronization processes. In modeling studies, neurons that generate a high-frequency burst of action potentials as their minimal response to threshold stimulation, and p ...
... 53). This holds true despite the fact that the intrinsic discharge behavior of hippocampal neurons has been thought important in synchronization processes. In modeling studies, neurons that generate a high-frequency burst of action potentials as their minimal response to threshold stimulation, and p ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... spread to the others. Therefore, frequent reactivation of a selected PNG does not initiate uncontrollable activity in the network. In this way, the WM mechanism presented here can work in finite networks with large memory content. This is different from previous models [11,28–31] where large memory ...
... spread to the others. Therefore, frequent reactivation of a selected PNG does not initiate uncontrollable activity in the network. In this way, the WM mechanism presented here can work in finite networks with large memory content. This is different from previous models [11,28–31] where large memory ...
Document
... They are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. They preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the functions of organs. They oppose potentially harmful changes in the internal or external environment. They involve interaction with the cerebrum. ...
... They are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. They preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the functions of organs. They oppose potentially harmful changes in the internal or external environment. They involve interaction with the cerebrum. ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.