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... monkey stained with Nissl, the majority of neurons are arranged in six layers, indicated by numbers (A). Immunostaining for CaMKII-alpha of the control lateral geniculate nucleus shows CaMKII-alpha neurons between layers 1 and 2, between layers 2 and 3, and below layer 1 (layer S) as well as additio ...
... monkey stained with Nissl, the majority of neurons are arranged in six layers, indicated by numbers (A). Immunostaining for CaMKII-alpha of the control lateral geniculate nucleus shows CaMKII-alpha neurons between layers 1 and 2, between layers 2 and 3, and below layer 1 (layer S) as well as additio ...
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... vibration-sensitive bristles along the wing margin that can detect wingbeat vibration, and these bristles have unique responsiveness to airborne vibration with restricted frequencies. On the base of the wings there are proprioceptors (i.e., stretch receptor) to monitor wing movements during wingbeat ...
... vibration-sensitive bristles along the wing margin that can detect wingbeat vibration, and these bristles have unique responsiveness to airborne vibration with restricted frequencies. On the base of the wings there are proprioceptors (i.e., stretch receptor) to monitor wing movements during wingbeat ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... with the aversive outcome, these neurons nonetheless had acquired an ability to discriminate by anticipating the positive or negative consequences of making a response. Consistent with this interpretation, further analyses indicated that selectivity developed as the rat learned the discrimination pr ...
... with the aversive outcome, these neurons nonetheless had acquired an ability to discriminate by anticipating the positive or negative consequences of making a response. Consistent with this interpretation, further analyses indicated that selectivity developed as the rat learned the discrimination pr ...
Slide 1
... formation (lateral gaze center) and medial longitudinal fasciculus, and sometimes also the abducens (VI) nucleus, and affecting the neuronal pathways indicated by dotted lines. Attempted gaze away from the lesion (A) activates the uninvolved right lateral gaze center and abducens (VI) nucleus; the r ...
... formation (lateral gaze center) and medial longitudinal fasciculus, and sometimes also the abducens (VI) nucleus, and affecting the neuronal pathways indicated by dotted lines. Attempted gaze away from the lesion (A) activates the uninvolved right lateral gaze center and abducens (VI) nucleus; the r ...
Chapter 14-Nervous Tissue
... Types of neurons • Multipolar have many dendrites and one axon • most common in human body • motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands Dendrites Dendrites ...
... Types of neurons • Multipolar have many dendrites and one axon • most common in human body • motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands Dendrites Dendrites ...
Simulating in vivo-like Synaptic Input Patterns in Multicompartmental
... neurons. For example, each individual human cerebellar Purkinje neuron is estimated to receive more than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional contacts from local circuit inhibitory interneurons and the powerfully excitatory climbing fiber (Ito 1984). Although Purki ...
... neurons. For example, each individual human cerebellar Purkinje neuron is estimated to receive more than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional contacts from local circuit inhibitory interneurons and the powerfully excitatory climbing fiber (Ito 1984). Although Purki ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... REM sleep (indicated by red bars) is brief or nonexistent. During the last two cycles of the night, NREM sleep is lighter (stage 2), and REM episodes are longer, sometimes more than an hour. (B) Fifteen nights of sleep. Each line represents one night of sleep, with REM periods shown as solid bars an ...
... REM sleep (indicated by red bars) is brief or nonexistent. During the last two cycles of the night, NREM sleep is lighter (stage 2), and REM episodes are longer, sometimes more than an hour. (B) Fifteen nights of sleep. Each line represents one night of sleep, with REM periods shown as solid bars an ...
Nervous System
... • Graded (or proportional) to intensity of stimulation reaching threshold potential • Reaching threshold potential triggers voltage gated channels to open, causing an action potential ...
... • Graded (or proportional) to intensity of stimulation reaching threshold potential • Reaching threshold potential triggers voltage gated channels to open, causing an action potential ...
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by
... synthesized by Genscript and fused to GFP in lentiviral and mammalian expression vectors as used previously5,23 for transfection or viral infection of neurons. Primary hippocampal or cortical neurons were cultured and then transfected with plasmids or infected with viruses encoding for genes of inte ...
... synthesized by Genscript and fused to GFP in lentiviral and mammalian expression vectors as used previously5,23 for transfection or viral infection of neurons. Primary hippocampal or cortical neurons were cultured and then transfected with plasmids or infected with viruses encoding for genes of inte ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... any time between the presentation of visual cues and end of movement. Representative responses from three well-modulated GPi neurons during the execution of the task are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron B181 (Fig. 1A) paused phasically in association with cued movements to all four targets (all P ⬍ 0.0001, s ...
... any time between the presentation of visual cues and end of movement. Representative responses from three well-modulated GPi neurons during the execution of the task are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron B181 (Fig. 1A) paused phasically in association with cued movements to all four targets (all P ⬍ 0.0001, s ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... eventually dropping out and the compatible one being left to be executed, with a delay. As far as we know, few studies have addressed the question of sensorimotor association at the single-neuron level. Neurons have been found in monkey premotor (PM) and prefrontal (PF) cortices whose changes in act ...
... eventually dropping out and the compatible one being left to be executed, with a delay. As far as we know, few studies have addressed the question of sensorimotor association at the single-neuron level. Neurons have been found in monkey premotor (PM) and prefrontal (PF) cortices whose changes in act ...
Skeletal System
... The white matter on each side of the column is divided into three white columns or funiculi and labeled according to their position (posterior, lateral, anterior) Each funiculi contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions ...
... The white matter on each side of the column is divided into three white columns or funiculi and labeled according to their position (posterior, lateral, anterior) Each funiculi contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions ...
Copy of the full paper
... integration constraints. Analog integrated circuits are used to implement the previously described models (LIF, FN, HH). We have labeled SHH the HH inspired models, where some of the conductance functions are simplified or fitted, as opposed to the complete Hodgkin–Huxley description of non-linear, ...
... integration constraints. Analog integrated circuits are used to implement the previously described models (LIF, FN, HH). We have labeled SHH the HH inspired models, where some of the conductance functions are simplified or fitted, as opposed to the complete Hodgkin–Huxley description of non-linear, ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... neuromodulators in the adult stomatogastric nervous system does not appear until the end of larval life. Instead, individual sensory and descending neurons that project into the STG acquire their full complement of neurotransmitters sequentially (Fénelon et al., 1998, 1999; Kilman et al., 1999; Le ...
... neuromodulators in the adult stomatogastric nervous system does not appear until the end of larval life. Instead, individual sensory and descending neurons that project into the STG acquire their full complement of neurotransmitters sequentially (Fénelon et al., 1998, 1999; Kilman et al., 1999; Le ...
Extraction of Sensory Parameters from a Neural Map by Primary
... receptor, a unidirectional air current was presented eight times at each of 16 different directions around the animal’s body in the horizontal plane. The responses were recorded at each stimulus direction and quantified as the number of spikes generated in response to the stimulus. The directional t ...
... receptor, a unidirectional air current was presented eight times at each of 16 different directions around the animal’s body in the horizontal plane. The responses were recorded at each stimulus direction and quantified as the number of spikes generated in response to the stimulus. The directional t ...
A Curious Commentary on a Book on Mirror Neurons and Other
... performing some action. The general task was match to sample (no object goal depicted). In the form version, a body part image was displayed from one actor, then two images, one from same actor and one from a different actor, were simultaneously displayed performing the same action. The task was to ...
... performing some action. The general task was match to sample (no object goal depicted). In the form version, a body part image was displayed from one actor, then two images, one from same actor and one from a different actor, were simultaneously displayed performing the same action. The task was to ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
... phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modi ...
... phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modi ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...
NEURAL NETWORK DYNAMICS
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
Involvement of the Caudal Medulla in Negative Feedback
... neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown to involve a supraspinally mediated negative feedback loop. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomic level of integration of these controls and hence to ascertain what relationships ...
... neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown to involve a supraspinally mediated negative feedback loop. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomic level of integration of these controls and hence to ascertain what relationships ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... of the electrocutaneous reinforcement did not occur on three successive presentations of the auditory signal. Neuronal pairs without any dependent relations, in this case, were entirely absent. The number of neuronal pairs with one-way connections remained practically unchanged. If we take the func ...
... of the electrocutaneous reinforcement did not occur on three successive presentations of the auditory signal. Neuronal pairs without any dependent relations, in this case, were entirely absent. The number of neuronal pairs with one-way connections remained practically unchanged. If we take the func ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were significantly distinct from previously described reach neurons (Werner, 1993; Werner et al., 1997a, 1997b; Stuphorn et al., 1999; Lünenburger et al ...
... during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were significantly distinct from previously described reach neurons (Werner, 1993; Werner et al., 1997a, 1997b; Stuphorn et al., 1999; Lünenburger et al ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... 2. The distal branches of a spinal nerve are more complex. (Fig. 13.13) a. Immediately after emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the nerve divides into an anterior ramus, and posterior ramus, and a small meningeal branch. i. Each spinal nerve branches on both ends: anterior and posterior roots ...
... 2. The distal branches of a spinal nerve are more complex. (Fig. 13.13) a. Immediately after emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the nerve divides into an anterior ramus, and posterior ramus, and a small meningeal branch. i. Each spinal nerve branches on both ends: anterior and posterior roots ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... a delayed increase in inhibitory conductance (blue trace). The calculated reversal potential of the synaptic response (gray trace) reaches 0 mV (the reversal potential for glutamatergic excitation) immediately after the synaptic conductance begins to rise and becomes hyperpolarized (toward the rever ...
... a delayed increase in inhibitory conductance (blue trace). The calculated reversal potential of the synaptic response (gray trace) reaches 0 mV (the reversal potential for glutamatergic excitation) immediately after the synaptic conductance begins to rise and becomes hyperpolarized (toward the rever ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.